急性肺损伤大鼠肺纤维增生早期检测

目的探讨油酸（OA）所致大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）早期肺纤维组织增生情况及其可能的纤维化机制。方法应用尾静脉注射OA复制大鼠ALI模型。48只健康SD大鼠（体质量0．29～0．31kg，雌雄不拘）随机分为4组：生理盐水对照组（NS组，n=12），OA致伤1d组（OA1组，n=12），OA致伤3d组（OA2组，n=12），OA致伤7d组（0A3组，n=12）。OA致伤组以0．12ml／kg的OA尾静脉注射，NS组注射同等量的生理盐水。观察肺部病理变化，检测肺湿／干重比（W／D值），测定动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、pH值及血浆Ⅲ型前胶原肽N末端（PⅢNP）浓度，测支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中总蛋白（TP）、总磷脂（TPL）、磷脂酰胆碱（PC）和PⅢNP浓度。结果①与NS组比较，OA组肺组织可见明显充血、水肿、出血等ALI表现，各时间点BALF中TPL、PC／TPL明显减少（P〈0．01），而TP、W／D值、PⅢNP及血浆PⅢNP显著升高（P〈0．01），动脉血PaO2、PaCO2、pH值也有明显变化（P〈0．01）。②OA组各时间点血浆与BALF中PmNP浓度呈正相关（rOA1=0．864，P〈0．01；rOA2=0．829，P〈0．01；rOA3=0．874，P〈0．01）。结论AU早期肺就发生纤维组织增生；ALI时PⅢNP浓度显著升高，通过检测BALF和血浆中的PⅢNP浓度可能有助于早期诊治ALI.     

特发性肺纤维化患者支气管肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素13的水平及意义

目的　探讨特发性肺纤维化 (IPF)患者支气管肺泡灌洗液 (BALF)和外周血中白细胞介素 13 (IL 13 )水平的变化及其意义。方法　选择 17例IPF患者 (IPF组 )和 8名无器质性肺疾病者 (对照组 )。采用IL 13特异的酶联免疫吸附法测定 (ELISA)法检测 2组BALF和外周血中IL 13的水平 ,分析患者IL 13水平与其肺功能、血气之间的关系。结果　IPF组BALF和外周血中IL 13水平分别为(3 0 1± 86)ng/L、(178± 3 6)ng/L ;对照组分别为 (10 3± 2 4)ng/L、(55± 15)ng/L ,两者比较差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。IPF组BALF中IL 13水平与BALF中性粒细胞数呈正相关 (r =0 786,P <0 0 1) ,与用力肺活量、一秒钟用力呼气容积、肺一氧化碳弥散量及动脉血氧分压均呈一定的等级负相关 (r分别为 -0 898、-0 878、-0 874、-0 890 ,P均 <0 0 1)。结论　IL 13可能在IPF的发病过程中起一定作用 ,并有可能作为判断病变进展情况的一项指标     

CD13/aminopeptidase N in collagen vascular diseases

To determine the significance of CD13/aminopeptidase N in collagen vascular diseases (CVD), we examined its activity and expression in sera and disease sites of patients with CVD. Significantly higher aminopeptidase activity was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with interstitial lung diseases due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), systemic sclerosis (SSc), and Sjögren's syndrome than from control subjects. Increased aminopeptidase activity and increased expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N protein were found in alveolar macrophages from CVD patients with interstitial lung diseases. Significantly higher aminopeptidase activity was detected in pleural effusions from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than in transudate effusions. The mean aminopeptidase activity in synovial fluids from RA patients was significantly higher than from patients with osteoarthritis. The mean value of serum aminopeptidase activity was significantly higher in patients with SLE, RA, SSc, and PM/DM than in normal subjects. This study suggests that the activity of CD13/aminopeptidase N, locally produced in the disease site, is a useful marker for CVD and that CD13/aminopeptidase N may have an important role in the pathogenesis of CVD.     

支气管肺泡灌洗抢救重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭的临床研究

目的探讨支气管肺泡灌洗抢救重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭的临床价值。方法将37例患者随机分为灌洗组和非灌洗组,灌洗组18例在常规治疗基础上加支气管肺泡灌洗,非灌洗组19例采用常规治疗,观察两组病例的治疗效果。结果治疗48 h、72 h后灌洗组的PaO2和氧合指数（PaO2/F iO2）明显高于非灌洗组（P〈0.01）,PaCO2明显低于非灌洗组（P〈0.01）;灌洗组总有效率为88.8%,非灌洗组为47.4%。两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0.01）。结论支气管肺泡灌洗抢救重症并呼吸衰竭,可减少使用有创机械通气,疗效确切,有较高的临床价值。     

Elastase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from oxygen-exposed,Pseudomonas-infected baboons

The adult respiratory distress syndrome is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critical care patients. Lung injury in this syndrome is frequently associated with lung infection. The combined insults result in an influx of neutrophils and damage to the pulmonary epithelium. We investigated whether active neutrophil elastolytic activity was present in the bronchoalveolar fluid in baboons with mild or moderate hyperoxic lung injury and infection. Group A (N=7) was exposed for 6 days to FIO₂=0.8 and then inoculated by intratracheal bolus withPseudomonas aeruginosa strain DGI-R130 (PA); the FIO₂ was reduced to 0.5. Group B (N=6) was exposed to similar concentrations of inspired oxygen but inoculated with buffered saline. Antibiotics included parenteral penicillin and topical gentamicin and polymyxin B. All 3 were given continuously in group B but stopped 24 h prior to PA inoculation in group A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected 1 week before oxygen administration, when the FIO₂ was reduced (day 6 or 7) and prior to necropsy (day 11). Hemodynamic, pulmonary function, microbiological, and biochemical variables were studied. Injured, infected animals (group A) had significant elevations of mean pulmonary artery pressure and decreases in total lung capacity and PaO₂ compared both to baseline and to group B at day 11. At autopsy, group A had significant increases of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) neutrophils and bacterial pathogens. Elastase levels in BALF (equal to 0 at baseline) rose to 136±98 ng/ml in group A vs. 6±14 ng/ml in group B. The elastase was inhibited by inhibitors of serine proteases including ones specific for neutrophil elastase. On Sephacryl S-300 chromatography the elastase activity eluted near humanα ₂-macroglobulin and separated from other proteolytic activity. These studies demonstrate a significant level of elastase in BALF from injured, infected baboons compared to injured, uninfected animals.     

Treatment of experimental meconium aspiration syndrome with surfactant lung lavage and conventional vs. asymmetric high-frequency jet ventilation

Respiratory failure caused by meconium aspiration requires combined strategies. We hypothesized that surfactant lung lavage with asymmetric high-frequency jet ventilation (AHFJV) can increase the removal of meconium and improve lung function. During conventional ventilation (CV), a suspension of human meconium (25 mg/ml, 4 ml/kg) was instilled into the tracheal tube of anesthetized rabbits to cause respiratory failure. Animals were then divided into four groups: saline lavage + CV (Sal-CV), surfactant lavage + CV (Surf-CV), saline lavage + HFJV (Sal-HFJV), and surfactant lavage + HFJV (Surf-HFJV). Lung lavage (10 ml/kg in 3 portions) was performed with diluted surfactant (Curosurf, 100 mg of phospholipids/kg) or saline during CV (frequency (f), 30/min; inspiration time (Ti), 50%) or AHFJV (f, 300/min; Ti, 70%). Animals were ventilated for an additional hour with either CV or HFJV (Ti, 50%). Surfactant lavage with both CV and AHFJV removed more meconium than saline lavage. However, the highest removal was found in the Surf-HFJV group vs. all other groups (P < 0.05). The oxygenation index decreased after surfactant lavage in both groups compared to controls (P < 0.001), and more prominently in the Surf-CV group. Elimination of CO(2) was significantly higher in the Surf-HFJV group vs. all other groups (P < 0.05). The ventilation efficiency index increased after lavage in both surfactant groups vs. saline controls (P < 0.05). Dynamic lung-thorax compliance gradually increased, and right-to-left pulmonary shunts decreased in both surfactant groups vs. saline controls after lavage (P < 0.05). Combination of surfactant lavage with both CV and AHFJV was beneficial in rabbits with meconium aspiration syndrome. While AHFJV was more effective in the removal of meconium, CV had a more favorable effect on lung function in the postlavage period.     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白-D与肺部天然免疫及临床意义

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白-D（surfactantprotein-D，SP-D）系C型凝集素超家族成员，是肺部重要的天然防御分子。参与病原体的清除和免疫、炎症、过敏反应的调节，与多种人类肺部疾病有关。血清SP-D的水平可作为某些疾病的标志。人工重组的SP-D对新生儿慢性肺病、囊性纤维化和肺气肿有潜在的治疗作用。     

胸部物理治疗联合纤维支气管镜灌洗对肺结核的效果

目的:探讨胸部物理治疗（CPT）联合纤维支气管镜（FB）灌洗对肺结核（PTB）患者的应用效果。方法:125例PTB患者根据随机数字表法分为对照组62例和观察组63例,对照组行常规治疗,观察组在其基础上行CPT联合FB灌洗。比较两组治疗7 d后排痰效果和治疗24 h后日排痰量;治疗前和治疗24 h后呼吸频率（RR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）、气道峰压（PIP）、平均动脉压（MAP）、血氧分压（PaO2）、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧合指数（OI）。结果:与对照组比较,观察组排痰总有效率、日排痰量显著升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与治疗前比较,治疗后两组RR、PIP、MAP、PaCO2显著降低,SpO2、PaO2、OI显著升高,观察组变化幅度显著大于对照组（P<0.05）。结论:CPT联合FB灌洗对PTB患者有较好的应用效果,能够有效改善排痰效果和呼吸功能。