The projection to the mesencephalon from the sensory trigeminal nuclei. An anatomical study in the cat

The terminal areas and the cells of origin of the projection from the sensory trigeminal nuclei to the mesencephalon were investigated, using the method of anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase or wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Injection of tracer into the nucleus interpolaris or nucleus oralis (in the latter cases with involvement of the nucleus principalis) resulted in dense anterograde labeling in the deep and intermediate gray layers of the contralateral superior colliculus, extending throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the colliculus with the exception of its caudalmost part, which was not labeled. Minor projections to the intercollicular nucleus, posterior pretectal nucleus and nucleus of Darkschewitsch were found. Injection of tracer into the nucleus caudalis yielded a completely different result; terminal labeling in the midbrain was now present only in the periaqueductal gray matter, in its rostral and middle parts. The retrograde labeling observed after injection of tracer into the midbrain terminal areas showed that the cells of origin were located mainly in the alaminar spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the highest density of labeled neurons was found in the rostral part (subnucleus y) of the nucleus oralis. The retrograde labeling in the nucleus principalis was very sparse and almost exclusively involved peripherally located neurons. In the nucleus caudalis the overwhelming majority of the retrogradely labeled neurons were situated in its marginal layer. The functional implications of the above observations are discussed in relation to the findings in previous studies of the projections from the dorsal column nuclei and spinal cord to the midbrain. The combined results suggest that the trigeminal projections to the superior colliculus may be involved in the mechanisms of orientational behavior. The observation that the projection to the periaqueductal gray matter originates in the marginal layer suggests that it transmits information related to noxious stimuli.     

老年病人两种不同静脉穿刺进针方法比较

比较直接静脉穿刺法和间接静脉穿刺法在老年病人中的应用.直接穿刺法穿刺成功率高,病人痛苦小,老年病人尤其适用.     

咪唑安定在硬膜外麻醉下行骨科手术中的应用

目的:探讨不同剂量咪唑安定应用于硬膜外麻醉下行骨科手术中的镇静、消除病人的围术期不良记忆(顺行性遗忘)的效果及安全性。方法:120例患者随机分成四组,各组入室后分别静脉给眯唑安定0.1 mg·kg 1(Ⅰ组)、0.075 mg·kg 1(Ⅱ组)、0.05 mg·kg'(Ⅲ组)和NS 3 mL(对照组,Ⅳ组),术中以微量注射泵持续输注眯唑安定至手术结束前20min。记录基础值及使用咪唑安定后5 min、15 min、30 min及手术结束时的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸(R)、指脉搏氧饱和度(SpO2);观察镇静程度,遗忘率及术中、术后烦躁,恶心、呕吐,头晕及幻梦等不良反应。结果:I组静注咪唑安定后5 min、15 minMAP较基础值明显下降(P<0.05),其余各组MAP、HR、R、SpO2与基础值比较虽有变化但无显著差异(p>0.05)。镇静程度3级及以上Ⅰ组29例、Ⅱ组26例、Ⅲ组19例均较Ⅳ组0例有显著差异(P<0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间镇静程度无显著差异;但较Ⅲ组有显著差异(P<0.05);Ⅰ组遗忘率96.7%、Ⅱ组遗忘率93.3%、Ⅲ组遗忘率76.7%明显高于Ⅳ组无遗忘(P<0.05). Ⅰ、Ⅱ组间遗忘率无显著差异但明显高于Ⅲ组(P<0.05);镇静和遗忘效果与剂量呈正相关性。使用咪唑安定病人有8例出现烦躁不安,不听指令,术后出现恶心、呕吐3例,头晕3例。结论:咪唑安定应用于硬膜外麻醉下行骨科手     

男女患者静脉穿刺时疼痛程度的比较及护理

目的探讨男女患者在静脉穿刺时疼痛程度的差异。方法采用疼痛的数字评估与脸谱评估法,对204名男女患者静脉穿刺时的疼痛程度进行评估。结果男性患者在静脉穿刺时疼痛程度比女性患者更高,经统计学处理,有显著性差异,P<0.05。结论在静脉输液时要同样重视对男性患者的心理疏导,减轻其痛觉。     

COPD病人急性期雾化吸入β2激动剂和激素的观察及护理

对80例COPD急性期住院病人,采用压缩雾化机加入博利康尼2.5 mg 地塞米松5 mg 生理盐水3mL,经呼吸道雾化吸入治疗7 d.结果77例效果满意(96.3%),病人喘息、呼吸困难明显减轻,肺部听诊干鸣、湿啰音明显减少,SpO2上升至97%～99%,提示COPD急性期住院病人使用压缩雾化吸入β2激动剂和激素能取得显著的治疗效果.     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管并发症的分析及防治

目的探讨锁骨下静脉穿刺置管并发症的原因及防治。方法密切观察680例行锁骨下静脉穿刺置管后病人并发症的发生并进行原因分析，提出有效的防治方法。结果其中173例出现并发症，发生率25．44％，包括气胸、误穿动脉、血肿、感染、穿刺点组织液漏出、心律失常、导管堵塞、易位输液等。结论操作者要熟悉解剖结构，技术熟练，严格执行操作规程及无菌技术，掌握穿刺白复道应症和禁忌症，熟悉并发症发生的原因，及时采取相应的防治措施，一般不会造成严重后果。     

Completely assembled virus particles detected by transmission electron microscopy in proximal and mid-axons of neurons infected with herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2 and pseudorabies virus

The morphology of alphaherpesviruses during anterograde axonal transport from the neuron cell body towards the axon terminus is controversial. Reports suggest that transport of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) nucleocapsids and envelope proteins occurs in separate compartments and that complete virions form at varicosities or axon termini (subassembly transport model), while transport of a related alphaherpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (PRV) occurs as enveloped capsids in vesicles (assembled transport model). Transmission electron microscopy of proximal and mid-axons of primary superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons was used to compare anterograde axonal transport of HSV-1, HSV-2 and PRV. SCG cell bodies were infected with HSV-1 NS and 17, HSV-2 2.12 and PRV Becker. Fully assembled virus particles were detected intracellularly within vesicles in proximal and mid-axons adjacent to microtubules after infection with each virus, indicating that assembled virions are transported anterograde within axons for all three alphaherpesviruses.     

Heart rate variability in response to pain stimulus in VLBW infants followed longitudinally during NICU stay

The objective of this longitudinal study, conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit, was to characterize the response to pain of high‐risk very low birth weight infants (<1,500 g) from 23 to 38 weeks post‐menstrual age (PMA) by measuring heart rate variability (HRV). Heart period data were recorded before, during, and after a heel lanced or wrist venipunctured blood draw for routine clinical evaluation. Pain response to the blood draw procedure and age‐related changes of HRV in low‐frequency and high‐frequency bands were modeled with linear mixed‐effects models. HRV in both bands decreased during pain, followed by a recovery to near‐baseline levels. Venipuncture and mechanical ventilation were factors that attenuated the HRV response to pain. HRV at the baseline increased with post‐menstrual age but the growth rate of high‐frequency power was reduced in mechanically ventilated infants. There was some evidence that low‐frequency HRV response to pain improved with advancing PMA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 638–649, 2009     

基于树莓派的便携式静脉投影仪的研制

目的:研制一种基于树莓派的便携式静脉投影仪,以满足静脉穿刺时静脉可视化的需求.方法:该静脉投影仪基于静脉中脱氧血红蛋白对红外光的吸收强度高于静脉周边组织的原理设计,由树莓派、微机电系统(micro-electro-mechanical system,MEMS)激光扫描投影模组、加装红外滤光片的红外摄像头、电池、壳体及支...