Efferent connections of the medial prefrontal cortex in the rabbit

The different cytoarchitectonic regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have recently been shown to play divergent roles in associative learning in rabbits. To determine if these subareas of the mPFC, including areas 24 (anterior cingulate cortex), 25 (infralimbic cortex), and 32 (prelimbic cortex) have differential efferent connections with other cortical and subcortical areas in the rabbit, anterograde and retrograde tracing experiments were performed using thePhaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA-L), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques. All three areas showed local dorsal-ventral projections into each of the other areas, and a contralateral projection to the homologous area on the other side of the brain. All three also revealed a trajectory through the striatum, resulting in heavy innervation of the caudate nucleus, the claustrum, and a lighter projection to the agranular insular cortex. The thalamic projections of areas 24 and 32 were similar, but not identical, with projections to the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and all of the midline nuclei. However, the primary thalamic projections from area 25 were to the intralaminar and midline nuclei. All three areas also projected to the ventromedial and to a lesser extent to the ventral posterior thalamic nuclei. Projections were also observed in the lateral hypothalamus, in an area just lateral to the descending limb of the fornix. Amygdala projections from areas 32 and 24 were primarily to the lateral, basolateral and basomedial nuclei, but area 25 also projected to the central nucleus. All three areas also showed projections to the midbrain periaqueductal central gray, median raphe nucleus, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus and pontine nuclei. However, only areas 24 and the more dorsal portions of area 32 projected to the superior colliculus. Area 25 and the ventral portions of area 32 also showed a bilateral projection to the parabrachial nuclei and dorsal and ventral medulla. The dorsal portions of area 32, and all of area 24 were, however, devoid of these projections. It is suggested that these differential projections are responsible for the diverse roles that the cytoarchitectonic subfields of the mPFC have been demonstrated to play in associative learning.     

The cerebellar corticonuclear and nucleocortical projections in the cat as studied with anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

Summary The cerebellar parafloccular corticonuclear and nucleocortical connections were studied in the cat by means of anterograde and retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase.Previous investigations have given evidence that the cortex of the paraflocculus can be subdivided into three zones. These zones are recognized as C₂, D₁ and D₂. The material presented is compatible with the findings from previous reports with other methods that each of these zones sends its Purkinje axons to separate regions within the cerebellar nuclei. These terminal fields are the lateral part of nucleus interpositus posterior (the alleged nuclear zone C₂) and the dentate nucleus and its transition area with nucleus interpositus anterior (the supposed nuclear D zones). The parafloccular corticonuclear fibres appear to terminate along a continuous mediolateral band extending from the NL through the NL-NIA transition area into the lateral NIP. This observation is in concordance with our previous findings concerning the termination of the cerebellar corticonuclear fibres (Dietrichs and Walberg 1979, 1980; Dietrichs 1981). Within the NL and NL-NIA transition area the Purkinje axons from the ventral paraflocculus terminate ventral to those from the dorsal paraflocculus.The nucleocortical projection shows the same zonal arrangement as the corticonuclear connection, indicating the presence of a corticonuclear-nucleocortical reciprocity.The findings are discussed with reference to previous studies on the parafloccular corticonuclear and nucleocortical connections, and some comments are made concerning the cerebellar zonal subdivision of this cortical area.     

小儿在不同浓度七氟醚吸入麻醉下行静脉穿刺的临床观察

目的 探讨实施小儿静脉穿刺时的最佳七氟醚吸入浓度.方法 选取6个月～36个月的择期手术患儿150例,随机分为3组,每组50例.A组吸入8%七氟醚,B组吸入6%七氟醚,C组吸入4%七氟醚,氧流量均为4 L/min.3组均在患儿睫毛反射消失后行静脉穿刺.记录入室后、穿刺前和穿刺后即刻的生命体征变化情况,记录从麻醉开始至睫毛反射消失的时间（T1）,静脉穿刺完成所用时间（T2）和首次穿刺成功率,肢体运动情况及并发症.结果 3组静脉穿刺完成所用时间分别为（95.5±2.50）s,（99.1±2.85）s和（150.5±4.72）s,A组和B组与C组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;首次穿刺成功率分别为98%、98%和62%,3组肢体运动评级达1级者分别为49（98%）、48（96%）和1（2%）,A组、B组与C组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 6%的七氟醚诱导迅速,麻醉深度适宜,不良反应发生率低,可安全应用于小儿静脉穿刺的吸入诱导.     

幼儿CT/MRI检查前雾化吸入右美托咪定的镇静效果

目的：探讨雾化吸入右美托咪定作为幼儿行CT/MRI检查前镇静用药的可行性。方法：选取接受CT/MRI检查需镇静的90例患儿,年龄1~3岁,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,采用随机数表法分为水合氯醛口服组、右美托咪定滴鼻组和右美托咪定雾化组各30例,在接受CT/MRI检查前分别给予口服水合氯醛60 mg/kg、鼻内滴注右美托咪啶2 μg/kg、雾化吸入右美托咪啶2 μg/kg进行镇静。记录药物起效时间、检查时间、镇静时间、镇静失败率、不良反应发生率、格罗宁根窘迫评分（GDRS）以及患儿家长满意度和检查医师满意度。结果：右美托咪定滴鼻组和右美托咪定雾化组的镇静时间、镇静失败率、GDRS及苏醒躁动、恶心呕吐发生率均低于水合氯醛口服组,家长和检查医师满意度均高于水合氯醛口服组（P均<0.05）。右美托咪定雾化组的哭闹反应和呛咳反应发生率均低于右美托咪定滴鼻组和水合氯醛口服组（P均<0.05）。结论：雾化吸入和鼻内滴注右美托咪定均可以为幼儿CT/MRI检查提供良好的镇静,减轻患儿外周静脉穿刺疼痛,减少不良反应,而雾化吸入右美托咪定的给药途径更安全,易为患儿和家长接受     

不同剂量右美托咪定镇静程度及顺行性遗忘作用研究

目的 观察不同剂量右美托咪定(dexmedetomidine,Dex)对下腹部手术患者术中镇静程度及顺行性遗忘作用的影响. 方法 选择美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄20岁～60岁,在腰麻硬脊膜外联合阻滞麻醉下复合Dex行下腹部手术(剖宫产术除外)的患者200例,其中男101例,女99例.采用随机数字表法进行分组,根据给予生理盐水或Dex维持剂量的不同分为4组(每组50例):生理盐水组(De0组)、0.2 μg·kg1·h-1组(De1组)、0.4 μg· kf-1·h-1组(De2组)、0.6 μg· kg-1·h-1组(De3组).采用改良警觉/镇静观察评分(observer's assessment of alertness/sedation,OAA/S)法,观察Dex泵入后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2)、15 min (T3)、20 min(T4)、25 min(T5)、30 min(T6)、40 min(T7)和50 min(T8)各时间点患者镇静程度及术后24 h顺行性遗忘情况. 结果 De0组各时间点的OAMS法评分均为(5.00±0)分,De1组、De2组、De3组随着时间的延长,泵入Dex剂量的逐渐增大,OAMS评分逐渐减小(P＜0.05):De1组T2～T8评分依次为(3.15±0.37)、(3.26±0.44)、(2.70±0.66)、(2.55±0.60)、(2.40±0.60)、(2.05±0.76)、(2.02±0.73)分;De2组T2～T8评分依次为(3.10±0.64)、(2.95±0.51)、(2.35±0.67)、(2.25±0.55)、(2.10±0.45)、(1.60±0.50)、(1.65±0.49)分;De3组T2～Ts评分依次为(3.10±0.31)、(2.65±0.49)、(1.95±0.39)、(1.90±0.45)、(1.75±0.44)、(1.20±0.62)、(1.25±0.64)分.De0组无遗忘病例为50例;De1组、De2组、De3组无遗忘病例明显减少(P＜0.05):De1组完全遗忘4例,部分遗忘35例,无遗忘11例;De2组完全遗忘15例,部分遗忘29例,无遗忘6例;De3组完全遗忘29例,部分遗忘19例,无遗忘2例. 结论 Dex具有良好的镇静以及一定的顺行性遗忘作用,且呈剂量依赖性.     

超声引导下顺行静脉穿刺一站式治疗血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征的临床探讨

目的探讨超声引导下顺行静脉穿刺联合AngioJet血栓抽吸导管及髂静脉支架植入术一站式治疗血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征的临床应用体会。方法回顾性分析2018-06~2020-01入住该科确诊的血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征的患者16例,所有患者均在下腔静脉滤器的保护下采用超声引导下顺行穿刺左下肢腘静脉或小隐静脉建立通路,采用AngioJet血栓清除技术后置入溶栓导管,一期或二期植入髂静脉支架。结果16例血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征患者中有11例患者选择左侧腘静脉穿刺,5例患者选择左侧小隐静脉穿刺,穿刺成功率为100.00%,平均抽吸量为(178.20±14.20)ml,技术成功率为100.00%,尿激酶用量为(150.59±60.92)万U。7例患者一期植入髂静脉支架,9例患者为溶栓后植入髂静脉支架,血栓清除率Ⅲ级患者13例,血栓清除率Ⅱ级患者3例。无致命性出血、症状性肺栓塞等严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下顺行左下肢静脉穿刺联合AngioJet血栓抽吸导管及髂静脉支架可以为血栓性髂静脉压迫综合征患者提供一站式解决方案,简化手术流程,提高手术成功率;同时可提高远期效果,降低远期血栓形成后综合征的发生。     

Utility of Noninvasive Transcutaneous Measurement of Postoperative Hemoglobin in Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients

This study prospectively evaluated the clinical utility of a noninvasive transcutaneous device for postoperative hemoglobin measurement in 100 total hip and knee arthroplasty patients. A protocol to measure hemoglobin noninvasively, prior to venipuncture, successfully avoided venipuncture in 73% of patients. In the remaining 27 patients, there were a total of 48 venipunctures performed during the postoperative hospitalization period due to reasons including transcutaneous hemoglobin measurement less than or equal to 9 g/dL (19), inability to obtain a transcutaneous hemoglobin measurement (8), clinical signs of anemia (3), and noncompliance with the study protocol (18). Such screening protocols may provide a convenient and cost-effective alternative to routine venipuncture for identifying patients at risk for blood transfusion after elective joint arthroplasty.     

咪达唑仑对硬膜外麻醉病人短期记忆的影响

目的观察咪达唑仑应用于硬膜外麻醉或臂丛病人的安全性及其镇静和顺行性遗忘效应。方法选择ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级在硬膜外或臂丛麻醉下行腹部、下肢或上肢手术的病人90例,随机分成A,B,C 3组,麻醉效果确定后,A,B组患者分别静注咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg、0.1mg/kg,C组给氟芬合剂2ml,观察三组病人术中遗忘效果。结果B组除用药后5min、10minMAP和SpO2下降与C组比较有差异外（P〈0.05）,其余时段各指标与C组比较均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）,而A,B组所有时段的镇静及遗忘程度分级均明显优于C组（P〈0.01）。结论咪达唑仑可安全地应用于硬膜外及臂丛麻醉病人,并可产生良好的镇静和顺行性遗忘效应。