后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床应用（附30例报告）

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾切除术的方法和适应证。方法回顾分析30例后腹腔镜肾切除术的临床资料。结果30例手术均成功，手术时间92-270min，平均148．7min；术中出血40-880mL，平均256mL；2例术中输血200mL和400mL，术中和术后未发生严重的并发症。术后随访1-50个月，4例肾癌患者未见肿瘤复发或转移。结论后腹腔镜下肾切除术具有损伤小、住院时间短及术后康复快等优点，适用于多种肾良、恶性疾病。     

腹膜外径路腹腔镜前列腺癌根治术(附65例报告)

目的:探讨腹膜外径路腹腔镜PCa根治术的初步体会。方法:经腹膜外径路进行腹腔镜PCa根治术65例。结果:64例(98.5%)成功,手术时间100～440min,平均172min。出血量150～800ml,平均340ml,7例(10.8%)患者输红细胞悬液2～4U。1例术中发生直肠损伤,2例术后发生尿外渗。6例(9.2%)患者术后病理提示切缘阳性。58例(89.2%)患者术后3个月尿控良好。结论:腹膜外径路腹腔镜PCa根治术是安全、可行的。且因避免了术中、术后对腹腔内肠管的干扰,降低了手术并发症,利于术后患者的恢复,值得在临床推广应用。     

Primary cystic and solid neuroendocrine tumor of the retroperitoneum: A case report

Rationale:Primary neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the retroperitoneum are extremely rare. The purpose of this case report is to highlight the unusual growth pattern and radiologic features of primary retroperitoneal NETs.Patient concerns:A 46-year-old woman was found to have a retroperitoneal cystic and solid mass during a physical checkup.Diagnoses:The mass was mainly multiseptated in the cystic portion and had a bead-like, lobulated appearance. The solid portion showed restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging and obvious homogeneous enhancement. The cystic portion showed ring-like and septal enhancement. The patient was diagnosed with a grade 2 (G2) NET of the retroperitoneum after surgery.Interventions:The patient underwent resection of the large retroperitoneal tumor.Outcomes:The patient returned 20 months later with tumor recurrence in the retroperitoneum. She was enrolled in a clinical trial for sulfatinib, and the mass was considerably reduced in size after 4 months. During a nearly 1.5-year follow-up, the mass gradually became slightly enlarged. The expression of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) was detected, and somatuline was administered as the current treatment.Lessons subsections:When a retroperitoneal mass presents as a well-defined cystic or solid hypervascular mass with a fibrous capsule, a primary retroperitoneal NET should be considered in the differential diagnosis.     

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of the retroperitoneum: an unusual case developed in a pregnant woman but obscured by pregnancy

Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an uncommon histiologic variant of RMS that has spindle cell morphology. This tumor occurs almost exclusively in childhood and more rarely in adults. Only a few adult cases, including two retroperitoneal cases in male patients, have been documented previously. We describe a rare case of spindle cell RMS of the retroperitoneum in a 37-year-old woman developed during pregnancy and incidentally discovered after vaginal delivery. Computed tomography showed a huge tumor mass, measured 20 × 20 × 15 cm in size, arising in retroperitoneal space. Histologically, the tumor consisted of spindle cells arranged in a fascicular or herringbone growth pattern, morphologically mimicking adult fibrosarcoma, intermingled with scattered rhabdomyoblasts. Mitotic activity ranged from 20 to 28 mitoses per 10 high-power fields and tumor necrosis was evident. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were stained diffusely positive for muscle specific actin, desmin, and vimentin, scattered positive for myogenin, MyoD1 and myoglobin, with a Ki-67 (MIB-1) proliferative labeling index of 46.11%. This tumor also stains positively for CD99, strong cytoplasmic WT1, and nuclear p53. Other markers such as S100 protein, smooth muscle specific actin, CD34, cytokeratin, and epithelial membrane antigen were all negative in the tumor cells. On the basis of the findings, a spindle cell RMS was diagnosed. The neoplasm was incompletely excised because of encasement of major vessels and invasion to adjacent structures, and additional chemotherapy was given.     

Laparoscopic approach of Castleman’s disease in the pararenal retroperitoneum: report of two cases

Castleman＇s disease （CD） is a benign lymphoid neoplasm characterized by massive proliferation of the lymphoid tissue due to an uncertain cause. Two clinical types （localized, multicentric） have been described with three histological variants （hyaline-vascular, plasma cell and mixed type）. The expected localization is mediastinum and rarely pararenal retroperitoneum. We reported two cases of CD in the pararenal retroperitoneum, one was complicated with autoimmune hemolytic anemia.     

后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术22例临床分析

目的评价经腹膜后腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术的临床价值。方法对本科2003年3月至2006年6月开展的22例后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术进行分析。22例中11例为皮质醇腺瘤,10例为醛固酮腺瘤,1例嗜铬细胞瘤。结果22例手术均获成功。手术时间60～140min,平均100min;失血量30～100mL,平均55mL,术中及术后均未输血;1例术后发生后腹膜腔血肿。结论后腹腔镜肾上腺肿瘤切除术具有对组织损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快、并发症少等优点,为非嗜铬细胞瘤肾上腺良性疾病的首选方法。     

Extravisceral primary hydatid cyst of the retroperitoneum

BACKGROUND: Hydatid cyst (HC) continues to be endemic in the Mediterranean countries, such as Turkey. Living in a rural area is an important risk factor for the disease. HC is most commonly seen in the liver and lungs, but retroperitoneal hydatid cyst is very rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic findings and surgical treatment of this unusual lesion. METHODS: Between 1979 and 2004, 14 cases with primary retroperitoneal hydatid cyst were treated surgically at our clinic. RESULTS: Symptoms included flank pain in eight (57.1%) and palpable mass in six patients (42.8%). The cyst was located in the right retroperitoneum in seven patients (50%), left retroperitoneum in five patients (35.7%), retrovesical region in one patient (7.1%) and paravesical region in one patient (7.1%). Surgical approaches were right paramedian extraperitoneal approach in four patients, left paramedian extraperitoneal approach in two patients and midline transperitoneal approach in eight patients. Total pericystectomy was chosen as the surgical procedure in all patients except in five (35.7%), who had partial cystectomy for cysts located near the vital structures. There were no complications and mortality postoperatively. CONCLUSION: A primary HC of the retroperitoneum is a distinct clinical entity that must be considered when caring for a patient with a retroperitoneal mass in endemic regions. It should be treated after the diagnosis is confirmed without any delay because of secondary spillages due to perforations and other possible complications.     

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis followed by a localized retroperitoneal lymphangioleiomyoma

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease that affects females of reproductive age. Microscopically, it is characterized by abnormal proliferation of immature smooth muscle-like cells that grow diffusely in the lung. Extrapulmonary manifestations in the mediastinum, peritoneum and pelvic lymph nodes are uncommon. We here describe a patient who initially presented with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis and subsequently developed a localized retroperitoneal mass. Pathologic examination showed that the mass was a lymphangioleiomyoma. The result of the immunohistochemical study was the same as that for the pulmonary lesion. It is therefore suggested that metastatic lymphangioleiomyoma should be included in the differential diagnosis in the patient with pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis presenting with an extrapulmonary lesion.