Serum IgA and IgG functional antibodies and their subclasses to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigen found in two aged‐matched cohorts of children with and without otitis media with effusion

Serum IgA and IgG functional antibodies and their subclasses to Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular antigen found in two aged‐matched cohorts of children with and without otitis media with effusion The relationship between acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion (OME) is uncertain and the aetiology of OME is multifactorial. Otitis media with effusion may be an inflammatory condition; both bacteria and viral infections could play a part in this inflammation. The four bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus and Branhamella catarrhalis cause 60% of the infections whereas S. pneumoniae accounts for up to 35%. IgA provides the dominant surface response to polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide antigens, of which IgA₂ is the main subclass. Once the mucosa has been breached, most protection is provided by IgG. IgG₂ acts mainly against bacterial capsular antigens. This study looked at two groups of 50 children with and without OME who were aged between 3 and 10 years. The aims were to determine if, firstly, the levels of the serum immunoglobulins were different in the two groups, secondly whether these children made the appropriate antibody response to the capsular antigen to S. pneumoniae (PCP), and finally if there was a delay in the maturity of the IgA response. The total IgG, IgA and all subclass levels were measured using radial immunodiffusion. Levels of functional IgA and IgG were measured using ELISAs (25 patients in each group). The results were analysed with non‐parametric tests. The immunoglobulin levels were within the normal levels for both groups. There were very good correlations between the IgG total anti‐PCP and the IgG₂ anti‐PCP (R > 0.9, p = 0.001). There was a good correlation between the levels of both IgG total and IgG₂ anti‐PCP against IgA total anti‐PCP in both groups (R > 0.85, p > 0.01). This confirms a normal antibody response between both groups of patients. The ages of the controls and patients (50 samples) were correlated with increasing titres of circulating functional antibodies (P = 0.001). This is highly suggestive of a normal age‐related response. In conclusion, the findings were contradictory to our original hypothesis that there is a subtle difference in surface protection between children with and without OME. We believe that a previous history of recurrent acute otitis media is unrelated to the development of OME after 3 years of age.     

腹腔镜辅助下大隐静脉隔绝术治疗大隐静脉曲张60例

目的探讨腹腔镜辅助下大隐静脉隔绝术的疗效。方法2000年1月～2004年1月对60例66条大隐静脉曲张腹腔镜辅助下行大隐静脉隔绝术,腹腔镜辅助下高位结扎、电灼大腿段大隐静脉,阻断其小腿段所有属支及交通支,使大隐静脉与体循环隔绝。结果手术时间30～60min,(50±9)min;术后住院时间3～5d,(3.5±0.6)d。60例随访1～36个月,平均28个月,无复发。结论腹腔镜辅助下大隐静脉隔绝术创伤小,疗效好,复发率低,是治疗大隐静脉曲张的理想术式。     

吻合器痔环切术经肛引流应用观察

目的：探讨采用吻合器经肛管引流治疗重度痔降低术后并发症的影响。方法：随机将101例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期混合痔及内痔患者分为引流组48例和非引流组53例，回顾性分析两组施行PPH经肛引流及非引流术后的临床资料。结果：两组间数据比较伤口渗血（12h～48h）、排便异常指标，对照显示差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论：该术式具有安全、有效、术时短、恢复快及术后并发症明显降低等优点。     

用Alabama分析法比较安氏Ⅰ类错中国人与美国白人颅颌面结构差异

目的:研究中国安氏Ⅰ类错成人与美国安氏Ⅰ类错白人牙颌颅面形态结构的差异。方法:从西安市11所大学2098名新生中选取符合标准的101名(男53名、女48名)安氏Ⅰ类错样本。拍摄头颅定位X线片,用第四军医大学口腔医学院头影测量软件测量,用Alabama分析法与美国安氏Ⅰ类错白人颅颌面测量结果进行比较分析。结果:中国西安地区安氏Ⅰ类错成人上下颌突度大,面型较突;平面倾斜度、上下中切牙倾斜度及下中切牙至NB线距均较大;Y轴相对SN平面夹角增大,生长方向为后下。结论:与美国安氏Ⅰ类错白人比较,中国西安地区安氏Ⅰ类错成人颅面结构呈现颌骨突度大、下切牙唇倾及下颌趋向后下等特征。     

下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁的治疗策略选择

[目的]探讨并评估在下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁时安全、简便和有效的治疗策略。[方法]对16例创伤性下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁的患者于清醒状态及X线透视机监视下先行早期持续闭合颅骨牵引复位。所有患者在治疗前均行X线片和MRI/CT检查及ASIA神经功能评级。持续闭合牵引复位时行动态ASIA神经功能评级及X线透视机监视。损伤至开始牵引复位的间隔平均为31 h(6~52 h)。复位成功后维持颅骨牵引并择期行颈前路或颈前后路联合手术。9例患者于复位成功后再次行MR I扫描。[结果]治疗前MRI显示分别有8例和5例患者存在脱位节段的椎间盘突出和损坏;ASIA神经功能评级分别为:C级7例,D级5例,E级4例。16例患者均闭合复位成功且无一例出现神经功能恶化。复位成功后再次MRI扫描显示:6例脱位节段的椎间盘突出中有2例接近自动回纳,4例仍维持原样;3例脱位节段的椎间盘损坏中有2例维持原样,另1例转变为椎间盘突出。平均牵引重量为19 kg(10~32kg),平均牵引时间为53 min(30~135 min)。[结论]当患者处于清醒及检体合作的状态下通过动态神经功能评级及X线透视机监视,对下颈椎骨折脱位伴关节突交锁行早期持续闭合颅骨牵引复位,择期根据全身及局部状况行颈前路或颈前后路联合手术是一种安全、简便和有效的治疗策略。     

唇腭裂患者上颌骨牵引成骨术后发音方式的变化

目的:通过对行颅外支架式上颌骨牵引成骨术(rigidexternaldistraction,RED)唇腭裂患者治疗前后的错误发音数量变化、不同发音部位、不同发音方法以及不同类型错误发音发生特点及其变化评价,分析上颌骨RED对患者发音方式的影响。方法:1999年至2001年行上颌骨RED的唇腭裂术后上颌发育不足患者21例,其中男性13例,女性8例,平均年龄15.05岁。所有患者RED前后进行语音测听并分类。治疗前后错误发音的差异性用非参数检验。结果:RED术后42.9%患者错误发音数较RED前增加,19.0%减少,38.1%无变化。从发音部位,舌尖前音错误发音发生率最高,其次为舌面音。从发音方法,错误发音多发于塞擦音。错误发音类型以咽喉摩擦/爆破音为主,其次为腭化构音和声门爆破音。上颌骨RED后腭化构音累及音节数减少,但咽喉摩擦/爆破音和声门爆破音反而增加,尤其是咽喉摩擦/爆破音。结论:唇腭裂患者经RED前移上颌骨后,会对患者发音方式产生影响,在行语音治疗前需考虑全面。     

血脂康对急性冠状动脉综合征患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白、血脂蛋白的影响

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)患者血清高敏C-反应蛋白(Hs-CRP)、血脂水平变化及血脂康的干预情况。方法69例ACS患者随机分为血脂康组(40例)和常规治疗组(29例),治疗前后分别测定Hs-CRP、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C);另30名健康人为对照组。结果与对照组比较,ACS患者Hs-CRP水平明显升高,且与心肌损害程度密切相关。血脂康治疗2周,能明显下调ACS患者的Hs-CRP水平。结论血清Hs-CRP水平与ACS的发生、严重程度密切相关,血脂康的抗炎作用在ACS的早期治疗中有重要意义。     

Score Statistic to Test for Genetic Correlation for Proband-Family Design

In genetic epidemiological studies informative families are often oversampled to increase the power of a study. For a proband‐family design, where relatives of probands are sampled, we derive the score statistic to test for clustering of binary and quantitative traits within families due to genetic factors. The derived score statistic is robust to ascertainment scheme. We considered correlation due to unspecified genetic effects and/or due to sharing alleles identical by descent (IBD) at observed marker locations in a candidate region. A simulation study was carried out to study the distribution of the statistic under the null hypothesis in small data‐sets. To illustrate the score statistic, data from 33 families with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) were analyzed. In addition to the binary outcome DM2 we also analyzed the quantitative outcome, body mass index (BMI). For both traits familial aggregation was highly significant. For DM2, also including IBD sharing at marker D3S3681 as a cause of correlation gave an even more significant result, which suggests the presence of a trait gene linked to this marker. We conclude that for the proband‐family design the score statistic is a powerful and robust tool for detecting clustering of outcomes.