Anterior cruciate ligament injury about 20 years post‐treatment: A kinematic analysis of one‐leg hop

Reduced dynamic knee stability, often evaluated with one‐leg hops (OLHs), is reported after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This may lead to long‐standing altered movement patterns, which are less investigated. 3D kinematics during OLH were explored in 70 persons 23 ± 2 years after ACL injury; 33 were treated with physiotherapy in combination with ACL reconstruction (ACL_R) and 37 with physiotherapy alone (ACL_PT). Comparisons were made to 33 matched controls. We analyzed (a) maximal knee joint angles and range of motion (flexion, abduction, rotation); (b) medio‐lateral position of the center of mass (COM) in relation to knee and ankle joint centers, during take‐off and landing phases. Unlike controls, ACL‐injured displayed leg asymmetries: less knee flexion and less internal rotation at take‐off and landing and more lateral COM related to knee and ankle joint of the injured leg at landing. Compared to controls, ACL_R had larger external rotation of the injured leg at landing. ACL_PT showed less knee flexion and larger external rotation at take‐off and landing, and larger knee abduction at Landing. COM was more medial in relation to the knee at take‐off and less laterally placed relative to the ankle at landing. ACL injury results in long‐term kinematic alterations during OLH, which are less evident for ACL_R.     

Teachers as mental health promoters: a study of teachers' understanding of the concept of mental health

Based on results from a mixed method approach, using focus group interviews (N = 15) and survey research (N = 1575, this paper explores Norwegian K12 teachers' understanding of the concept of mental health. The theoretical framework of analysis is a socio-ecological and systemic perspective, seeing conceptual understanding as a result of a complex interplay between factors on individual, organizational and state/society levels. Existing research indicates that mental health is an unfamiliar term in a school context, and often negatively loaded. Our results support this, but show significant differences in school type, where teachers in higher grades report more frequent use of the term, more positive term-loading and less tendency to prefer ‘well-being’ as a substitute, rather than as a complementary term to mental health. These teachers also report significantly higher levels of organizational support on mental health promotion. At individual level, experience and further education were important for differences in conceptual understanding.     

社会视角和医院视角下卫生经济学评估的内在矛盾及其协调机制

基于卫生经济学评估的相关理论,对基于社会视角和医院视角的评估结果可能存在的不一致性及其原因进行了分析,结果发现对于卫生技术,尤其是创新性技术,社会视角和医院视角的评估内容和结果可能会产生不一致,从而导致对定价和决策的困扰。文章认为,医院决策主体的多元化和创新技术的单独付费方式是解决这种矛盾的可选机制。     

Valuation of EuroQol Five-Dimensional Questionnaire,Youth Version (EQ-5D-Y) and EuroQol Five-Dimensional Questionnaire,Three-Level Version (EQ-5D-3L) Health States: The Impact of Wording and Perspective

Background

Valuations of health states were affected by the wording of the two instruments (EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-Y) and by the perspective taken (child or adult).

Risks,prices, and positions: A social network analysis of illegal drug trafficking in the world-economy

BackgroundIllegal drug prices are extremely high, compared to similar goods. There is, however, considerable variation in value depending on place, market level and type of drugs. A prominent framework for the study of illegal drugs is the “risks and prices” model (Reuter & Kleiman, 1986). Enforcement is seen as a “tax” added to the regular price. In this paper, it is argued that such economic models are not sufficient to explain price variations at country-level. Drug markets are analysed as global trade networks in which a country's position has an impact on various features, including illegal drug prices.MethodologyThis paper uses social network analysis (SNA) to explain price markups between pairs of countries involved in the trafficking of illegal drugs between 1998 and 2007. It aims to explore a simple question: why do prices increase between two countries? Using relational data from various international organizations, separate trade networks were built for cocaine, heroin and cannabis. Wholesale price markups are predicted with measures of supply, demand, risks of seizures, geographic distance and global positioning within the networks. Reported prices (in $US) and purchasing power parity-adjusted values are analysed.ResultsDrug prices increase more sharply when drugs are headed to countries where law enforcement imposes higher costs on traffickers. The position and role of a country in global drug markets are also closely associated with the value of drugs. Price markups are lower if the destination country is a transit to large potential markets. Furthermore, price markups for cocaine and heroin are more pronounced when drugs are exported to countries that are better positioned in the legitimate world-economy, suggesting that relations in legal and illegal markets are directed in opposite directions.ConclusionConsistent with the world-system perspective, evidence is found of coherent world drug markets driven by both local realities and international relations.     

闭合复位经皮穿针微创治疗新鲜Bennett骨折23例

目的：探讨闭合复位经皮穿针固定治疗Bennett骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法23例新鲜Bennett骨折患者在C型臂X线机透视下进行闭合复位经皮穿针内固定术,术后按TAM系统评定方法进行评估。结果随访本组23例,骨折全部愈合,均恢复良好活动度,优良率为91.3%。结论采用闭合复位经皮穿针微创治疗新鲜Bennett骨折是目前有效的手术方法之一。