Healthcare Workers’ (HCWs) attitudes towards mandatory influenza vaccination: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Influenza is a disease responsible for thousands of deaths every year. Although healthcare workers (HCWs) represent a way of contagion for patients, vaccination coverage among them is low. Mandatory vaccination has been proposed, but controversies remain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the acceptance of mandatory vaccination by HCWs, and to investigate associated characteristics. MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL and Web of Science were used to search for studies assessing the topic. PRISMA statements were followed. Of the 13,457 univocal records found, 52 studies were included in the systematic review and 40 in the meta-analysis. The pooled proportion of HCWs accepting the policy was of 61% (95% CI: 53%- 68%) but with great heterogeneity between continents (from 54% in Europe to 69% in Asia) and in different professionals (from 40% in nurses to 80% in students). Vaccinated HCWs agreed more frequently with mandatory vaccination than non-vaccinated ones. More studies that consider mandatory vaccination acceptance as the main outcome are needed, but the results of this study confirm that in some settings the majority of HCWs favour mandatory vaccination. This, combined with effects that a flu epidemic could have if overlapped to pandemics with similar symptoms, requires renewed considerations on mandatory vaccination.     

“You Have to Die Not to Come to Work”: A Mixed Methods Study of Attitudes and Behaviors regarding Presenteeism,Absenteeism and Influenza Vaccination among Healthcare Personnel with Respiratory Illness in Israel, 2016–2019

IntroductionHealthcare personnel (HCP) have an increased risk of exposure to influenza and other respiratory pathogens. Increased presenteeism, decreased absenteeism, and low uptake of the influenza vaccine can contribute to the spread of influenza among HCP in healthcare settings. We used a mixed methods approach to investigate attitudes and behaviors of HCP in Israel towards influenza vaccination, presenteeism, and absenteeism.MethodsThe study took place over three influenza seasons (2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2018–2019) at the largest hospital in southern Israel. We administered a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) questionnaire and conducted semi-structured interviews with HCP who had been recently ill with respiratory symptoms. The KAP questionnaire included closed-ended questions about attitudes and behaviors regarding influenza, working while sick, and influenza vaccination. The interviews investigated HCP’s perceptions of influenza infection and attitudes about absenteeism, presenteeism, and the influenza vaccine.ResultsWe conducted 74 semi-structured interviews over three influenza seasons. Four HCP were interviewed twice, in separate seasons for different illness episodes. The 70 individuals interviewed included 16 physicians, 45 nurses or technicians, and 9 administrative staff. The median age was 42.5 years (range: 25–60), and most (79%) were female. Half (50%) got vaccinated against influenza before their illness episode. In interviews, most HCP said they come to work while sick (presenteeism) due to a strong personal work ethic and an institutional culture that discourages taking sick leave (absenteeism). HCP expressed skepticism about the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine as well as concern that the influenza vaccine causes severe illness.DiscussionOver three influenza seasons in Israel, HCP cited a number of reasons for working while sick, and doubted the usefulness of influenza vaccine. Addressing reasons for presenteeism and vaccine hesitancy among HCP is crucial to protect HCP and patients from influenza virus infection and other viral respiratory illnesses, such as COVID-19.     

History of pandemic H1N1-containing influenza vaccination and risk for spontaneous abortion and birth defects

BackgroundOne recent study suggested an association between receipt of pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1)-containing vaccines in consecutive influenza seasons and spontaneous abortion, but corroborating scientific evidence is limited. In the present study, we leveraged a population of vaccine-compliant pregnant military women to examine history of pH1N1-containing influenza vaccination and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Because seasonal influenza vaccination is compulsory for military service, safety concerns regarding repeat vaccination are particularly relevant in this population.MethodsPregnancies and live births from Department of Defense Birth and Infant Health Research program data were linked with military personnel immunization records to identify women vaccinated with a pH1N1-containing vaccine in pregnancy prior to 21 6/7 weeks’ gestation, October 2009–April 2015. Cox and modified Poisson regression models estimated associations between vaccination with pH1N1- versus non–pH1N1-containing influenza vaccine in the season prior to the index pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion and birth defects, respectively. Cox models were calculated for two periods of follow-up: through (1) 21 6/7 weeks’ gestation and (2) 28 days postvaccination.ResultsOf 26,264 pregnancies, 21,736 (82.8%) were among women who received a dose of pH1N1-containing vaccine in the prior influenza season and 4,528 (17.2%) were among women who received non–pH1N1-containing vaccine in the prior influenza season. Among 23,121 infants, 19,365 (83.8%) and 3,756 (16.2%) had mothers exposed and unexposed to pH1N1-containing vaccine in the prior influenza season, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for spontaneous abortion approximated 1.0 across the complete follow-up period (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89–1.13) and was slightly elevated when censored at 28 days postvaccination, though the CI was imprecise (aHR: 1.19; 95% CI: 0.97–1.46). No associations with birth defects were observed.ConclusionThis work lends additional safety evidence and support for vaccination against pH1N1 in pregnancy, regardless of the vaccine received in the prior influenza season.     

2018年四川省外卖配送餐中微生物污染情况分析

目的 通过对2018年四川省外卖配送餐中微生物污染情况进行分析,对相关部门提供参考意见。方法 收集2018年四川省外卖配送餐数据,对其进行描述性分析;对外卖配送餐中微生物污染情况进行单因素χ2检验和多因素logistic回归检验。结果 2018年我省共采集外卖配送餐209份,样本不满意率为26.79%,食品类别与是否在网络平台注册为外卖配送餐中微生物污染情况的危险因素。食品类别为中式凉拌菜（Waldχ2 = 15.749,P = 0.007,OR = 1.333）,沙拉（Waldχ2 = 8.696,P = 0.041,OR = 1.273）和熟肉制品（Waldχ2 = 6.080,P = 0.035,OR = 1.032）,以及没有在网络平台注册（Waldχ2 = 3.540,P = 0.040,OR = 3.116）的外卖配送餐中微生物污染较严重。结论 2018年四川省外卖配送餐不满意率较高,总体卫生情况欠佳,存在引发食源性疾病的潜在风险。建议针对不同类别的食品,特别是中式凉拌菜、沙拉和熟肉制品,以及没有在网络平台注册的外卖配送餐馆,相关部门应予以重视,定期进行检查,以降低食品安全隐患。     

军人心理弹性与疲劳的关系：社会支持与自我效能感的多重中介作用

目的 研究军人疲劳与心理弹性、社会支持以及自我效能感的关系。方法 采用多维疲劳量表(Multidimensional fatigue inventory scale, MFI-20),心理弹性量表(The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, CD-RISC),一般自我效能感量表(General Self Efficacy Scale, GSES),中文版社会支持问卷(Chinese Version Social support revalued scale, SSRS)对812名军人进行测试。采用相关性分析,回归分析探讨变量间的关系并通过建构结构方程模型检验社会支持、自我效能感在心理弹性与疲劳之间的中介作用。结果 共回收到794份有效问卷,有效率为97.78%。相关性结果分析表明疲劳与心理弹性、社会支持以及自我效能感负相关(P < 0.01),心理弹性与社会支持、自我效能感正相关(P < 0.01), 社会支持与自我效能感正相关(P < 0.01)。回归分析结果表明心理弹性可独立预测疲劳水平(P < 0.001),同时社会支持和自我效能感对疲劳的回归显著(P < 0.001),三者可解释疲劳46.6%的方差变异。结构方程模型结果表明社会支持、自我效能感在心理弹性与疲劳之间的中介作用显著(P = 0.026,P < 0.001, 95%置信区间都不包含0),同时,两者的链式中介在心理弹性与疲劳的也存在显著中介作用(P < 0.001, 95%置信区间都不包含0)。结论 加强军人心理弹性水平训练,增强军人社会支持水平,提高军人自我效能感对军人增强疲劳应对能力,降低疲劳反应,提高作业效能具有重要意义。     

某部队急性病毒性肝炎的血清流行病学调查分析

作者于1987年12月至1988年3月对某部队急性病毒性肝炎进行了血清流行病学调查。发现该部队共发病10例,其中甲肝9例,乙肝1例;9例甲肝中,5例散在发生于5个连队,其余4例为1个连队暴发所致。结果表明:该部队急性病毒性肝炎的发生以甲肝为主,多以散发形式出现,在一定条件下也可造成部队内小暴发,而无续发病例。这些特征与该人群抗-HAV流行率达80％以上,已具有免疫屏障作用有关。当前,部队对甲肝的防治不容忽视。     

部队急性病毒性肝炎发病前瞻性研究

目的　查明部队人群急性病毒性肝炎真实年发病率 .方法　前瞻性研究 ,观察抽样部队 1a内病毒性肝炎发生情况 .结果　共观察 16 0 36 0人 ,发生病毒性肝炎 310人 ,年发病率为 193.3/ 10万 ,甲肝年发病率 10 0 .4/ 10万 ,乙肝年发病率为 5 7.4/ 10万 .干部病毒性肝炎年发病率 (30 9.6 / 10万 )远高于战士 (173.6 / 10万 ,P<0 .0 1) ,干部乙肝年发病率(12 4.7/ 10万 )也高于战士 (4 6 .0 / 10万 ,P<0 .0 1) ,新兵甲肝年发病率 (130 .6 / 10万 )高于老兵 (81.0 / 10万 ,P<0 .0 1) .结论　部队人群病毒性肝炎年发病率仍很高 .在部队中 ,乙肝预防的重点是干部 ,甲肝预防的重点是新兵 .我们建议应加强部队病毒性肝炎预防策略的研究 ,降低其发病率     

新兵接种甲肝和乙肝疫苗3年效果

目的：观察新兵接种甲肝疫苗与乙肝疫苗3a效果。方法：随机对照试验。观察3a接种甲肝、乙肝疫苗保护效果。结果：接种甲肝疫苗组2201人,无1人发生甲型肝炎;对照组2611人,发病4人;甲肝疫苗接种3a的保护率为100％。接种乙肝疫苗组2611人,发生乙型肝炎1人;对照组2628人,发生乙型肝炎5人;乙肝疫苗接种3a的保护率为80％。结论：部队新兵接种甲型与乙型肝炎疫苗,可使部队战士甲、乙型肝炎发病率减少80％。     

关于实行高校教师聘任制的思考

人才是社会财富之源,是生产力中最活跃的因素。计划经济管理模式严重束缚了高校人才的积极性和创造性。本文就高校在社会主义市场经济条件下,探索教师聘任的实现形式,建立与社会主义市场经济相适应,符合高校自身发展规律的教师聘任制。运用市场机制,面向社会,以公开、平等、竞争、择优的原则,打破论资排辈,营造有利子优秀人才脱颖而出的用人环境,激发广大教师奋发进取的精神。改革现行社会保障制度,配套建立适合高校特点的社会保障体系,是深化学校用人制度改革的重要保证。     

21世纪医疗保障制度改革的几种趋势

综观世界诸医疗保障制度改革的实践和理论研究,21世纪医疗保障制度改革有以下几种趋势：强调社会保障的人权意义,医疗保障是基本的人权保障的重要方面,医疗保障向健康保障过渡;医疗保障中适当地导入市场机制的作用,重视社区卫生服务。