Treatment options for active removal of renal stones

This study provides an update on the technological aspects of the methods for active removal of renal stones. Currently, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy (URS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) are the available options. Findings are based upon recent literature from the PubMed database and the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines. ESWL remains the option of choice for stones with diameter ≤ 20 mm due to its low invasive character, whereas PCNL is the standard for stones with diameter > 20 mm because of its high stone-free rates. Although ESWL treatment has become more patient friendly, its efficacy has not improved. On the other hand, URS has gained renewed interest due to new technological developments and improved treatment methods.     

52例α1受体阻滞剂在输尿管上段结石体外冲击波碎石术后的应用

目的探讨α1受体阻滞剂对输尿管上段结石体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)术后辅助排石的初步经验。方法分析2006年1月至2010年5月108例输尿管上段结石ESWL患者的临床资料,患者随机分成两组:A组52例,B组56例。所有患者ESWL术后予司帕沙星0.2g,每天1次,A组接受上述治疗的同时,另加用坦索罗辛0.4mg,每日1次,所有患者日均饮水2L以上,进行日常活动。结果 A组与B组结石平均排出时间分别为4.10、6.91d,肾绞痛发生率为8%和29%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);结石排出率分别为82.7%、58.9%,一次ESWL后结石排净率分别为75.0%、44.6%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论坦索罗辛可明显缩短输尿管上段结石患者的排石时间,减少肾绞痛发生次数,使用安全、痛苦少、恢复快。     

输尿管结石行体外冲击波碎石治疗后发生输尿管狭窄的危险因素分析

目的探讨输尿管结石经体外冲击波碎石治疗后发生狭窄的危险因素。方法收集2006年7月至2011年7月就诊于我院首次行体外冲击波碎石治疗的输尿管结石患者的临床资料,先对所取临床指标进行单因素分析,然后进行Logistic多因素回归分析。结果共收集行体外冲击波碎石的输尿管结石患者174例,其中发生术后输尿管狭窄的患者15例,狭窄发生率为8.62%,单因素分析显示:结石长径、肾积水程度、结石嵌顿时间以及碎石次数与术后输尿管狭窄发生相关,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:结石长径、肾积水程度以及碎石次数是患者发生输尿管狭窄的独立危险因素。结论对于肾积水程度较重、结石长径较大、预期碎石次数较多的输尿管结石患者,行体外冲击波碎石后发生狭窄的可能性相对较高,在治疗选择上应更加慎重,提倡选择体外冲击波碎石之外更加安全有效的治疗方式。     

Comparison of Ho:YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in the treatment of impacted ureteral stones: An analysis of risk factors

The aim was to compare pneumatic and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser in the treatment of impacted ureteral stones with different locations and to identify the risk factors for complications. Between March 2005 and November 2012, a total of 230 patients underwent ureteroscopic lithotripsy for impacted stones. Of the patients, 117 had pneumatic and 113 had laser lithotripsy for the fragmentation of the stones. Treatment outcomes based on evidence of being stone free were evaluated. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative follow-up findings were analyzed and compared. There was a difference between the two groups according to overall stone clearance rate (93.8% vs. 80.3%, p = 0.002). There was no statistically significant difference for distal location between the laser and pneumatic groups (96.8% vs. 91.7%, p = 0.288). For 10 patients with intrarenally migrated stones who were managed with flexible ureterorenoscopy in the same session, laser lithotripsy was more successful than pneumatic for proximal ureteral stone (94.4% vs. 67.9%, p = 0.007). The overall complication rate was 26.1%. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (29% vs. 23%, p = 0.296). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the proximal location was a statistically significant parameter for the occurrence of complications in both groups (p = 0.001 for PL, p = 0.004 for laser). The pneumatic and holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser lithotripsy are effective in the treatment of distal impacted stones. Both treatments with semirigid ureteroscopy are acceptable for proximal impacted ureteral stones, but holmium laser lithotripsy has an advantage of use with flexible ureteroscope for intrarenally migrated stone.     

输尿管封堵器联合气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床研究

目的探讨输尿管封堵器联合气压弹道碎石在输尿管结石治疗中的临床疗效。方法将该院收治的78例输尿管结石患者随机分为观察组40例和对照组38例,对照组采用气压弹道碎石术,观察组采用输尿管封堵器联合气压弹道碎石术。对比两组患者手术疗效、手术时间、住院时间、血尿时间以及治疗后BUN、Cr水平变化和两组患者不良反应发生情况。结果两组一次性碎石率比较χ2=5.5038(P=0.0190);两组1个月结石排净率比较χ2=8.6771(P=0.0032);两组需再次手术患者例数比较χ2=11.9114(P=0.0006);两组有效患者例数比较χ2=14.4866(P=0.0001)。两组患者手术时间比较t=7.9142(P=0.0000);两组患者住院时间比较t=6.0797(P=0.0000);两组患者血尿时间比较t=5.2690(P=0.0000);两组BUN水平比较t=1.3569(P=0.1788);两组Cr水平比较t=4.3967(P=0.0000)。两组患者术后恶心、呕吐例数比较χ2=6.7818(P=0.0092);两组患者术后发热例数比较χ2=8.2611(P=0.0041);两组患者术后血尿例数比较χ2=8.6771(P=0.0032);两组患者术后肾绞痛例数比较χ2=14.5142(P=0.0001)。结论输尿管封堵器联合气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石,能提高碎石成功率,值得临床上广泛应用。     

泌尿系结石腔镜碎石术后重症感染的治疗研究

目的总结泌尿系结石腔镜碎石术后重症感染的原因与治疗方案。方法以我院于2015年9月～2018年9月间收治的17例泌尿系结石腔镜碎石术后重症感染患者为研究对象,对其病情及治疗方法进行回顾性研究,观察所有患者的感染控制情况及治疗前后疼痛情况。结果经治疗后,患者体温在(3.01±0.53)d恢复正常、血常规在(4.28±1.33)d恢复正常,住院时间为(9.64±3.67)d,一次结石清除率为76.47%,最终的结石清除率为94.12%,NRS评分为(2.16±0.55)分低于治疗前(7.36±1.27)分,治疗前后对比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论针对泌尿系结石腔镜碎石术后重症感染患者采取积极、针对性的治疗与预防措施,能有效改善感染情况。