脂质组学在疾病生物标记物研究应用现状

脂质组学通过研究脂质的结构和功能及其在体内的代谢变化,明确其对疾病诊断和治疗的作用,以期提高疾病风险预测的能力。常用脂质组学分析方法包括直接质谱注入法（鸟枪法）、色谱质谱联用法和核磁共振法等。脂质组学在疾病早期诊断、生物标志物的发现、新药研发以及系统研究方面都发挥了很大作用。本文旨在介绍脂质组学在疾病生物标志物发现中的应用及其研究方法。     

孕晚期大鼠暴露于七氟醚对其子代神经发育潜在毒性的脂质组学和转录组学研究

 目的 基于脂质组学和转录组学,探讨孕晚期大鼠七氟醚暴露对子代神经发育的潜在毒性作用。方法 将28只孕18天大鼠随机均分为七氟醚组（S组）和对照组（C组）,S组给予2%七氟醚和98%氧气6 h,C组给予100%氧气6 h。采用偏最小二乘判别分析（partial least squares discriminant analysis,PLS-DA）、超高效液相色谱（UPLC/TOF-MS）及代谢组学数据的统计、功能和综合分析（MetaboAnalyst）方法分析两组新生大鼠血清中脂质组学变化;采用转录组学分析两组新生大鼠皮层组织RNA-seq变化;采用免疫组化分析两组新生大鼠海马和皮层组织中神经细胞凋亡变化。结果 在S组中,潜在内源性代谢产物甘油磷脂和鞘磷脂的差异有统计学意义,且甘油磷脂代谢是6种代谢途径中最重要的。qRT-PCR结果显示,与C组相比,S组Vcan基因与神经元发育、功能和修复相关的mRNAs表达显著增加（P<0.05）。HE和TUNEL染色显示S组神经细胞凋亡数目增加,但与C组相比差异无统计学意义。结论 甘油磷脂和鞘脂代谢紊乱可能与孕晚期大鼠七氟醚暴露导致的子代神经发育潜在毒性机制有关,七氟醚诱导子代RNA-seq的变化,因此保持甘油磷脂和鞘脂代谢动态平衡,维持Vcan基因正常水平,可能是预防吸入麻醉药诱导的神经潜在毒性的相关治疗方法。     

Transcriptomics,proteomics and metabolomics driven biomarker discovery in COPD: an update

Introduction: Diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by progressive irreversible airflow limitation, remains a challenge. Lack of sensitive diagnostic markers and alternative treatments have limited patients’ survival rate. Herein, we provide for clinicians and scientists a comprehensive review on the various omics platforms used to investigate COPD.

Areas covered: This review consists of articles from PubMed (2009–2016) as well as views of the contributing authors. The review highlights the need for COPD biomarker identification and also provides an update on promising candidate markers identified in various biological fluids using omics technologies.

Expert commentary: The multi-omics approach holds promise for the development of robust early stage COPD diagnostic markers, screening of high-risk population, and also improved prognosis which could lead to personalized medicine in future. Various factors regulating an omics study including sample size, control selection, disease phenotyping, usage of complementary techniques and result replication in omics-based research are outlined.     

Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Serum Metabolic Signature of Childhood Obesity

Obesity rates among children are growing rapidly worldwide, placing massive pressure on healthcare systems. Untargeted metabolomics can expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of obesity and elucidate mechanisms related to its symptoms. However, the metabolic signatures of obesity in children have not been thoroughly investigated. Herein, we explored metabolites associated with obesity development in childhood. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed on fasting serum samples from 27 obese Caucasian children and adolescents and 15 sex- and age-matched normal-weight children. Three metabolomic assays were combined and yielded 726 unique identified metabolites: gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HILIC LC–MS/MS), and lipidomics. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed clear discrimination between the untargeted metabolomes of obese and normal-weight children, with 162 significantly differentially expressed metabolites between groups. Children with obesity had higher concentrations of branch-chained amino acids and various lipid metabolites, including phosphatidylcholines, cholesteryl esters, triglycerides. Thus, an early manifestation of obesity pathogenesis and its metabolic consequences in the serum metabolome are correlated with altered lipid metabolism. Obesity metabolite patterns in the adult population were very similar to the metabolic signature of childhood obesity. Identified metabolites could be potential biomarkers and used to study obesity pathomechanisms.     

保元解毒汤对癌症恶病质小鼠血清脂质及白色脂肪组织棕色化的影响

[目的] 探讨保元解毒汤对癌症恶病质小鼠血清脂质及白色脂肪组织棕色化的影响。[方法] 将4～6周龄无特定病原体(specific pathogen free,SPF)级C57BL/6雄性小鼠分为对照组、模型组、保元解毒汤组和醋酸甲羟孕酮组,连续干预21 d,观察记录小鼠体质量、摄食饮水量和肿瘤体积,以多维质谱“鸟枪”法脂质组学(multidimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics,MDMS-SL)技术测定血清脂质含量,检测小鼠附睾白色脂肪组织和腹股沟白色脂肪组织质量;以苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色观察白色脂肪组织形态及脂滴面积;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,Real-time PCR)检测白色脂肪组织棕色化相关mRNA表达;免疫印迹法和免疫组化(immunohistochemistry,IHC)染色检测白色脂肪组织解偶联蛋白1(uncoupling protein 1,UCP1)的蛋白表达。[结果] 与模型组比较,保元解毒汤组小鼠摄食饮水量改善,一般状态良好,肿瘤增长受到抑制,体质量明显增加(P<0.05)。MDMS-SL技术检测提示,模型组小鼠血清中共有61种脂质分子发生了异常调节(P<0.05),而保元解毒汤影响了其中30种脂质的异常变化(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,保元解毒汤抑制癌症恶病质小鼠附睾白色脂肪组织和腹股沟白色脂肪组织丢失和脂滴面积减少(P<0.05),抑制白色脂肪组织棕色化相关基因UCP1、Cidea、Prdm16的mRNA表达(P<0.05)以及白色脂肪组织棕色化标志蛋白UCP1的蛋白表达(P<0.05)。[结论] 保元解毒汤能抑制癌症恶病质小鼠体质量丢失,改善血清脂质异常变化,抑制附睾白色脂肪组织和腹股沟白色脂肪组织棕色化。     

CDKN2A deletion remodels lipid metabolism to prime glioblastoma for ferroptosis

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Discovery of lipid profiles in plasma-derived extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis

Lipids are a major component of extracellular vesicles; however, their significance in tumorigenesis and progression has not been well elucidated. As we previously found that lipid profiles drastically changed in breast tumors upon progression, we hypothesized that lipid profiles of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles could be utilized as breast cancer biomarkers. Here, we adopted modified sucrose cushion ultracentrifugation to isolate plasma-derived extracellular vesicles from breast cancer (n = 105), benign (n = 11), and healthy individuals (n = 43) in two independent cohorts (n = 126 and n = 33) and conducted targeted lipidomic analysis. We established a breast cancer diagnostic model comprising three lipids that showed favorable performance with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.759, 0.743, and 0.804 in the training, internal validation, and external test sets, respectively. Moreover, we identified several lipids that could effectively discriminate breast cancer progression and subtypes: phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines were relatively higher in Stage III, whereas phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were higher in Stage IV; phosphatidylcholines and ceramides were correspondingly concentrated in HER2-positive patients, while lysophosphatidylcholines and polyunsaturated triglycerides were concentrated in the triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Lipid profiling of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles is a non-invasive and promising approach for diagnosing, staging, and subtyping breast cancer.     

基于脂质代谢组学研究羟基红花黄色素A治疗高脂血症LDLR-/-小鼠的作用机制

[目的]基于脂质代谢组学方法考察羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)对高脂饲料诱导的LDLR^-/-小鼠高脂血症脂质代谢的影响及其机制。[方法]将28只雄性LDLR^-/-小鼠分为对照组与高脂组。对照组喂养普通饲料,高脂组喂养高脂饲料,6周后,高脂组按照血清中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量平均分为4组：模型组、辛伐他汀组、HSYA(3.8 mg/kg)低剂量组、HSYA(7.6 mg/kg)高剂量组。给药11周,给药期间同时给予高脂饲料饲养。全自动生化仪检测小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、LDL-C含量,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肝组织病理形态,油红O染色观察小鼠肝脏组织脂肪蓄积情况,采用靶向脂质组学技术对LDLR-/-小鼠血清中脂质进行测定。[结果]与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清中LDL-C、TC、TG、AST、ALT含量升高(P<0.05),肝组织出现大小不等的脂滴浸润,肝细胞排列紊乱,大量脂质蓄积。与模型组比较,HSYA两组小鼠血清中LDL-C、TC、TG、AST、...