2 419例17 530颗胆囊息肉内镜微创保胆手术后病理结果分析

目的 通过对胆囊息肉保胆手术后病理结果分析,评估内镜微创保胆手术对胆囊息肉的治疗价值。方法 收集2007年1月－2020年12月行内镜微创保胆手术的2 419例17 530颗胆囊息肉患者的病理资料,纳入回顾性研究,以内镜微创保胆手术的手术适应证作为入组标准,分析其术后病理结果。结果 胆囊良性息肉占99.68%,均行保胆取息肉手术,0.20%的患者息肉为恶性,且为早期,均行胆囊癌根治术,0.12%的患者为腺瘤高级别上皮内瘤变,行胆囊切除术。结论 胆囊息肉中恶性肿瘤占比较低,内镜微创保胆手术是治疗胆囊息肉的首选手术方法,既可以去除胆囊良性病变,又能保留胆囊功能,还可以早期发现胆囊癌。因此,胆囊息肉应早期行微创保胆手术以明确诊断,防止恶变。     

Incidental gallbladder cancer during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: managing an unexpected finding

AIM: To evaluate the impact of incidental gallbladder cancer on surgical experience.METHODS: Between 1998 and 2008 all cases of cholecystectomy at two divisions of general surgery, one university based and one at a public hospital, were retrospectively reviewed. Gallbladder pathology was diagnosed by history, physical examination, and laboratory and imaging studies [ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT)]. Patients with gallbladder cancer (GBC) were further analyzed for demographic data, and type of operation, surgical morbidity and mortality, histopathological classification, and survival. Incidental GBC was compared with suspected or preoperatively diagnosed GBC. The primary endpoint was disease-free survival (DFS). The secondary endpoint was the difference in DFS between patients previously treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy and those who had oncological resection as first intervention.RESULTS: Nineteen patients (11 women and eight men) were found to have GBC. The male to female ratio was 1:1.4 and the mean age was 68 years (range: 45-82 years). Preoperative diagnosis was made in 10 cases, and eight were diagnosed postoperatively. One was suspected intraoperatively and confirmed by frozen sections. The ratio between incidental and nonincidental cases was 9/19. The tumor node metastasis stage was: pTis (1), pT1a (2), pT1b (4), pT2 (6), pT3 (4), pT4 (2); five cases with stage Ia (T1 a-b); two with stage Ib (T2 N0); one with stage IIa (T3 N0); six with stage IIb (T1-T3 N1); two with stage III (T4 Nx Nx); and one with stage IV (Tx Nx Mx). Eighty-eight percent of the incidental cases were discovered at an early stage (≤ II). Preoperative diagnosis of the 19 patients with GBC was: GBC with liver invasion diagnosed by preoperative CT (nine cases), gallbladder abscess perforated into hepatic parenchyma and involving the transversal mesocolon and hepatic hilum (one case), porcelain gallbladder (one case), gallbladder adenoma (one case), and chronic cholelithiasis (eight cases). Every case, except one, with a T1b or more advanced invasion underwent IVb + V wedge liver resection and pericholedochic/hepatoduodenal lymphadenectomy. One patient with stage T1b GBC refused further surgery. Cases with Tis and T1a involvement were treated with cholecystectomy alone. One incidental case was diagnosed by intraoperative frozen section and treated with cholecystectomy alone. Six of the nine patients with incidental diagnosis reached 5-year DFS. One patient reached 38 mo survival despite a port-site recurrence 2 years after original surgery. Cases with non incidental diagnosis were more locally advanced and only two patients experienced 5-year DFS.CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy does not affect survival if implemented properly. Reoperation should have two objectives: R0 resection and clearance of the lymph nodes.     

Technical description of a regional lymphadenectomy in radical surgery for gallbladder cancer

Background

The guidelines for resection of gallbladder cancer include a regional lymphadenectomy; yet it is uncommonly performed in practice and inadequately described in the literature. The present study describes the technique of a regional lymphadenectomy for gallbladder cancer, as practiced by the author.

Methods/Technique

After confirming resectability, the duodenum is kocherized. The dissection starts from the posterior aspects of the duodenum and head of the pancreas and extends superiorly to the retroportal area. This is followed by dissection of the common hepatic artery and its branches, the bile duct and the anterior aspect of the portal vein until the hepatic hilum. Resection of the gallbladder with an appropriate liver resection completes the surgery.

Results

This technique was used for a regional lymphadenectomy in 27 patients, of which 14 underwent radical cholecystectomy upfront, and 13 had revisional surgery for incidentally detected gallbladder cancer. The median number of lymph nodes dissected on histopathology was 8 (range 3 to 18). Eleven patients had metastatic lymph nodes on histopathological examination. There was no post-operative mortality. Two patients had a bile leak which resolved with conservative management.

Conclusion

A systematic approach towards a regional lymphadenectomy ensures a consistent nodal harvest in patients undergoing radical resection for gallbladder cancer.     

'Extreme' vasculobiliary injuries: association with fundus-down cholecystectomy in severely inflamed gallbladders

Objectives

Extreme vasculobiliary injuries usually involve major hepatic arteries and portal veins. They are rare, but have severe consequences, including rapid infarction of the liver. The pathogenesis of these injuries is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of injury through an analysis of clinical records, particularly the operative notes of the index procedure.

Methods

Biliary injury databases in two institutions were searched for data on extreme vasculobiliary injuries. Operative notes for the index procedure (cholecystectomy) were requested from the primary institutions. These notes and the treatment records of the tertiary centres to which the patients had been referred were examined. Radiographs from the primary institutions, when available, as well as those from the tertiary centres, were studied.

Results

Eight patients with extreme vasculobiliary injuries were found. Most had the following features in common. The operation had been started laparoscopically and converted to an open procedure because of severe chronic or acute inflammation. Fundus-down cholecystectomy had been attempted. Severe bleeding had been encountered as a result of injury to a major portal vein and hepatic artery. Four patients have required right hepatectomy and one had required an orthotopic liver transplant. Four of the eight patients have died and one remains under treatment.

Conclusions

Extreme vasculobiliary injuries tend to occur when fundus-down cholecystectomy is performed in the presence of severe inflammation. Contractive inflammation thickens and shortens the cystic plate, making separation of the gallbladder from the liver hazardous.     

地佐辛注射液对全麻苏醒期躁动及疼痛的影响

目的 探讨地佐辛注射液静脉镇痛对全麻苏醒期患者躁动及术后疼痛的治疗效果.方法 选择90例择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,随机均分为3组:地佐辛组(Ⅰ组,男15例,女15例)、曲马朵组(Ⅱ组,男16例,女14例)、对照组(Ⅲ组,男17例,女13例).患者均用咪达唑仑+丙泊酚+舒芬太尼+顺式阿曲库铵静脉诱导后行气管插管.术毕关气腹时Ⅰ组以地佐辛0.1mg/kg,Ⅱ组以曲马朵2mg/kg,Ⅲ组以生理盐水1ml静脉注射.采用疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)、躁动评分及镇静评分法,分别记录各组患者拔管后0.5、1、4、12、24h的镇痛评分,以及拔管即时、拔管后5、10、30、60min的躁动评分及镇静评分.结果 Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组在拔管后0.5、1、4、12h时点的VAS评分明显低于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05),在24h时点各组VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);Ⅰ组在4h时点VAS评分低于Ⅱ组(p＜0.05),其余时点两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);从拔管即时到拔管后30min各时点,Ⅰ组对躁动的控制效果和镇静效果均显著强于Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组.结论 地佐辛注射液对腹腔镜胆囊切除患者苏醒期躁动有良好的防治作用,镇痛明确,用于术后镇痛安全有效.     

Delayed presentation of port-site metastasis from an unknown gastrointestinal malignancy following laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Port-site metastasis (PSM) is often encountered during laparoscopic surgery in patients with malignancy. We report a 45-year-old woman who presented with a single PSM from papillary adenocarcinoma after undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for calculus cholecystitis. Post cholecystectomy, a diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis was confirmed on histopathology. The patient presented with a mass at the site of epigastric port 28 months after surgery. PSM was suspected on clinical examination, which was supported by findings on computed tomography and further confirmed by fine-needle aspiration cytology of the lump. The patient underwent surgical clearance of the mass, and histopathological examination proved the lesion to be papillary adenocarcinoma. The site of the primary tumour was not detected even after thorough examination. Based on the histopathology report following local surgical clearance, the patient was started on chemotherapy. This case is unusualbecause of the long delay prior to the presentation of PSM and the unknown primary malignancy.     

原发性胆囊癌102例MRI诊断价值分析

目的 分析原发性胆囊癌的MRI表现,以提高胆囊癌诊断价值.方法 对102例资料齐全的原发性胆囊癌MRI资料进行回顾性分析,所有病例均行常规的磁共振平扫、增强及弥散加权成像.结果 肿块型54例、腔内型26例,胆囊壁增厚型20例,T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,增强扫描延时强化明显,DWI呈高信号,合并肝脏局部浸润38例,肝脏转移31例,胆囊结石87例,淋巴结转移64例,胆总管梗阻57例,腹水13例,胆胰管汇合异常5例.结论 MRI对原发性胆囊癌具有较好的诊断价值.     

胆囊功能不良的超声微泡造影研究

目的：观察胆囊功能不良患者超声微泡造影情况,为胆囊切除手术术前的评估作一定的参考。方法采用超声微泡造影对77例胆囊功能不良患者（研究组）和22例胆囊功能正常者（正常对照组）进行检查,获取造影剂到达时间（AT）、灌注时间（IT）、峰值强度（PI）、基础增强强度（BI）、胆囊壁的增强强度（EI）等参数。然后将研究组经保守治疗后按照排胆分数（GBEF）分为GBEF≥50%和GBEF＜50%两组,观察比较AT、IT、EI的结果。结果研究组的AT、 IT 、EI均明显大于正常对照组,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=3.07、2.88、3.21,P均＜0.05）。研究组内GBEF≥50%亚组的AT、 IT 、EI均明显大于GBEF＜50%亚组,差异均有统计学意义（t分别=2.77、3.53、4.20,P均＜0.05）。结论超声微泡造影对评价胆囊功能不良患者保守治疗的预后及选择治疗方式上具有较大的参考价值。     

胆囊息肉样病变的超声图像分析

目的　探讨与分析胆囊息肉样病变 (PL G)的超声特征、临床应用价值。方法　对经手术病理证实的 1 0 1例 PL G与超声结果进行了回顾性对比分析。结果　非肿瘤性息肉 88例 ,占 87.1 3% ;肿瘤性息肉 1 0例 ,占 9.90 % ,病变直径 >1 0mm,单发 ,以肿瘤性息肉为多见。结论　超声诊断该病敏感性高 ,结合彩色多普勒可早期发现胆囊癌 ,同时对临床治疗方案的制定具有重要价值     

Traumatic avulsion of the gallbladder

Avulsion of the gallbladder from its liver bed, with detachment from both cystic artery and duct is an exceedingly rate consequence of blunt abdominal injury. A case of this injury in a 52-year-old man is reported from the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. Early recognition by diagnostic peritoneal lavage led to successful treatment.