血清S100ββ变化与老年患者腹部手术后认知功能障碍的关系

目的观察老年患者腹部手术后S100β蛋白的变化以及术后认知功能障碍（POCD）的发生情况，并探讨二者的关系。方法26例65岁以上的老年患者ASAⅡ～Ⅲ级，行腹部手术。监测术前、术毕、术后6、24、48、72h血清S100β的变化，并评定术前及术后1周内的认知功能。结果老年患者血清S100β蛋白在术毕最高（P〈0．01），术后6h和24h逐渐下降，但术后48h、再次上升（P〈0．01），术后72h回复至术前水平。26例老年患者腹部手术后1周内有7例发生POCD。POCD组与非POCD组相比，术毕及术后6h血清S100β蛋白水平明显增高（P〈O．05）。结论老年患者腹部手术后POCD的发生与血清S100β蛋白的变化有密切关系。血清S100β蛋白可作为评估老年患者术后发生POCD的重要指标。     

Hydration and Cognitive Function in Children

Adequate fluid intake is critical for survival. While adults are at liberty to drink fluids as wanted, children and infants are dependent upon caregivers for food and fluid. Children are at greater risk for dehydration than adults due to their higher surface-to-mass ratio. Additionally, children have different thirst sensitivities and body cooling mechanisms than adults. Children differ from adults in total body water content, and boys and girls differ in body water content with maturation. Research in young adults shows that mild dehydration corresponding to only 1% to 2% of body weight loss can lead to significant impairment in cognitive function. Dehydration in infants is associated with confusion, irritability, and lethargy; in children, it may produce decrements in cognitive performance.     

Linguistic Validation of the US Spanish Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire, General Health Version

INTRODUCTION: There are no measures of health-related absenteeism and presenteeism validated for use in the large and increasing US Spanish-speaking population. Before using a Spanish translation of an available English-language questionnaire, the linguistic validity of the Spanish version must be established to ensure its conceptual equivalence to the original and its cultural appropriateness. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the linguistic validity of the US Spanish version of the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire, General Health Version (WPAI:GH). METHODS: A US Spanish translation of the US English WPAI:GH was created through a reiterative process of creating harmonized forward and back translations by independent translators. Spanish-speaking and English-speaking subjects residing in the US self-administered the WPAI:GH in their primary language and were subsequently debriefed by a bilingual (Spanish-English) interviewer. RESULTS: US Spanish subjects (N = 31) and English subjects (N = 35), stratified equally by educational level, with and without a high school degree participated in the study. The WPAI-GH item comprehension rate was 98.6% for Spanish and 99.6% for English. Response revision rates during debriefing were 1.6% for Spanish and 0.5% for English. Responses to hypothetical scenarios indicated that both language versions adequately differentiate sick time taken for health and non-health reasons and between absenteeism and presenteeism. CONCLUSION: Linguistic validity of the US Spanish translation of the WPAI:GH was established among a diverse US Spanish-speaking population, including those with minimal education.     

The effects of KATP channel modulators on counterregulatory responses and cognitive function during acute controlled hypoglycaemia in healthy men: a pilot study.

AIMS: To examine the effects of agents that alter potassium adenosine triphosphate (KATP) channel activity in beta-cells on cognitive function and counterregulatory hormone responses during acute hypoglycaemia, given the physiological similarities between the pancreatic beta-cell and the hypothalamic glucose-sensitive neurones (GSN) and the widespread distribution of sulphonylurea receptors in neuronal cells throughout the brain. METHODS: Ten healthy males were studied on four occasions and in random order underwent three stepped hypoglycaemic (plasma glucose aims: 3.4, 2.8, 2.4 mmol/l) and one euglycaemic (plasma glucose aim: 5 mmol/l) insulin clamps. Prior to each hypoglycaemic study, volunteers received either 10 mg glibenclamide, or 5 mg/kg diazoxide or placebo orally. Cognitive function, symptom scores and counterregulatory hormone responses were measured at each glycaemic level. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant effect of either drug on the symptoms generated or the counterregulatory hormonal response during hypoglycaemia. However, cognitive function was better preserved during hypoglycaemia in the glibenclamide-treated arm, particularly four-choice reaction time which deteriorated at a plasma glucose 2.5 mmol/l compared with 3.0 mmol/l with diazoxide (P = 0.015) and 2.9 mmol/l with placebo (P = 0.114). CONCLUSIONS: Single doses of pharmacological agents which alter membrane KATP channel activity do not affect the counterregulatory response to hypoglycaemia but may modify cognitive function during cerebral glucopenia. The unexpected effects of glibenclamide on cortical function suggest a novel action of sulphonylureas that warrants further investigation.     

参附注射液预处理及后处理对体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术后患者认知功能的影响

目的 观察参附注射液（SFI）预处理及后处理对体外循环心脏瓣膜置换术后患者认知功能的影响。     

葛根素对血管性痴呆患者认知功能和事件相关电位P300的影响

目的观察葛根素对血管性痴呆（VaD）患者认知功能和听觉事件相关电位P300的影响。方法将70例VaD患者随机分成两组各35例，葛根素治疗组和对照组。应用简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评定两组患者治疗前后认知功能状况，并进行治疗前后P300检查。同时记录药物不良反应。结果两组各35例进入结果分析。治疗前两组MMSE评分、P300的潜伏期及波幅差异无显著性（均P〉0．05）。治疗14d、30d时，两组MMSE评分显著提高（均P〈0．01），P300潜伏期均有缩短，波幅均有提高（葛根素组P〈0．01，对照组P〈0．05）；治疗后14d时认知功能改善葛根素组明显优于对照组（总有效率分别为91．4％，71．4％）（P〈0．05）。两组治疗期间无严重不良反应。结论葛根素能够改善VaD患者的认知功能，这可能与葛根素的扩血管、脑保护作用有关。     

Binswanger病、脑白质疏松症及其合并脑梗死患者的认知功能障碍

目的　探讨Binswanger病 (BD)、脑白质疏松症 (LA)及LA合并脑梗死 (LA +CI)患者的认知功能障碍程度及其临床意义。方法　采用简易精神状态量表 (MMSE)和临床记忆量表 (CMS)检查BD(33例 )、LA(2 7例 )、LA +CI(31例 )患者及健康对照者 (30名 )的认知功能状态 ,并比较其障碍的程度。结果　 (1)BD组、LA组、LA +CI组MMSE及CMS评分均明显低于对照组 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。 (2 )BD组、LA +CI组MMSE及CMS评分均明显低于LA组 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。 (3)LA组轻度认知功能障碍 2 1例 (77 8% ) ;BD组中度认知功能障碍 8例 (2 4 2 % ) ,痴呆 2 5例 (75 .8% ) ;LA +CI组中度认知功能障碍 6例 (19 4 % ) ,痴呆 2 4例 (77 4 % )。结论LA大多有轻度认知功能障碍 ,而BD和LA +CI多为中度认知功能障碍和痴呆。认知功能障碍的程度是临床诊断BD、LA的参考指标。     

Structured treatment and teaching of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired cognitive function--the DICOF trial.

BACKGROUND: Patient education is integral part of any diabetes therapy in Germany, but elderly patients are not able to follow the variety of topics comprising standard treatment and teaching programmes (TTP), primarily due to impaired neuropsychological function. This leads to deficits in diabetes knowledge and hindered ability for diabetes self-management. AIM: To evaluate structured TTP for geriatric patients with impaired cognitive function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A neuropsychological examination was performed on all patients over 54 years [n=102, age 68.6 +/- 8.7 years, diabetes duration 10.3 (0.03-35.4) years, HbA1c 10.3 +/- 1.7% (HPLC, Diamat, NR 4.5-6.3%), cognitive function 87.7 +/- 12.3 IQ points] who took part in TTP for insulin therapy. Patients with impaired cognitive function participated either in the standard TTP of Berger [n = 35, age 67.6 +/- 8.9 years, diabetes duration 9.9 (0.04-35.4) years, HbA1c 10.3 +/- 2.0%] or in the specialized structured geriatric DICOF-TTP [n=33, age 70.4 +/- 8.2 years, diabetes duration 10.4 (0.03-24.9) years, HbA1c 10.7 +/- 1.8%]. RESULTS: After TTP there were no differences in knowledge and ability for diabetes self-management (standard/DICOF: knowledge 11.0 +/- 2.6 vs. 12.2 +/- 2.7 points, P = 0.11; handling 14.9 +/- 3.3 vs. 15.9 +/- 2.5 points, P = 0.18). However, patients who took part in the DICOF programme showed better scores in satisfaction with the education programme [standard/DICOF 44.7 (31-57) vs. 52.5 (45-59) points, P < 0.001]. Six months later the DICOF participants showed better results regarding diabetes self-management (standard/DICOF: handling 12.5 +/- 4.1 vs. 15.9 +/- 3.1 points, P = 0.001). Both groups showed HbA1c decrease (8.3 +/- 1.4 vs. 8.5 +/- 1.3%, P=0.62) and similar incidence of acute complications. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly patients with impaired cognitive function should take part in specialized structured TTP. This leads to both better satisfaction with the education programme and an improved ability for diabetes self-management.     

"吃食堂"的认知生成机制

以认知语法的行为链模式为分析工具,就汉语中的表工具、处所、方式等题元的介词宾语移位至动词宾 语位置的“吃食堂”等句法现象的成因作认知方面的解释说明。