Effects of androgens and estrogens on the vasopressin and oxytocin innervation of the adult rat brain

Recently we reported that castration of rats eliminates vasopressin immunoreactivity in the lateral septum and other areas that appear to receive vasopressin innervation from the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Testosterone treatment counteracts this effect of castration. In the present study, we investigated whether this action of testosterone depends on its androgenic or estrogenic metabolites by treating long-term castrated rats with estradiol (E) and/or 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or testosterone. The brains were then processed for immunocytochemistry or radioimmunoassay. DHT did not increase vasopressin staining in the lateral septum, although it fully restored the size of the seminal vesicles. E did restore the original fiber density, but individual fibers stained more weakly than in sham-operated males. Only treatment with both E and DHT fully restored the vasopressin innervation. This pattern was also reflected in the radioimmunoassay data. The vasopressin content of the lateral septum decreased about 90% after castration but was fully restored by either testosterone or E + DHT treatment. E alone, however, was only half as effective as E + DHT. The treatments had no effect on the oxytocin content of the septum, or on the vasopressin or oxytocin content of the dorsal vagal complex. The results suggest that E mediates most of the effects of testosterone on the vasopressin innervation of the lateral septum. DHT enhances the response to E but has little effect on its own.     

The effect of adrenalectomy on stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the rat brain

Previously, we determined the pattern of stress-induced c-fos mRNA expression throughout the brain in order to gain further insight into the identification of the neural circuits mediating stress-induced regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In the present study, we determined if rapid effects of increased glucocorticoid levels after stress contribute to changes in c-fos mRNA expression. To this end, stress-induced c-fos expression was characterized in adrenalectomized (ADX) or adrenalectomized and corticosterone replaced (ADX/B) male rats. Animals were sacrificed 30 min post-onset of a 10 min swim stress, and in situ hybridization histochemistry was used to detect c-fos mRNA throughout the brain. The pattern of c-fos induction in the ADX and ADX/B animals was similar to that observed in the sham operated animals. Additionally, densitometric measurements were made to quantify the c-fos response in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the CA1/2 region of the hippocampus. We found that ADX did not alter the magnitude of the c-fos response to stress in these areas, but there was a slight dampening of the response in ADX/B animals. In sum, these results suggest that the pattern of c-fos expression observed 30 min post-stress is independent of stress-induced increases in circulating glucocorticoid concentrations.     

从ECCE到Phaco的转变--核处理技术的实验研究

目的通过化学方法制成动物核性白内障模型,探讨相对能量复合指数(RECP)与角膜内皮细胞活性的关系。方法将5种化学物质注入晶状体,以透过黑白条纹的清晰程度判断晶状体混浊程度并分级。然后将实验眼球分为6组(Ⅰ组为对照组;Ⅱ-Ⅵ为实验组),行标准超声乳化白内障摘除手术。手术后立即取下角膜,作锥蓝-茜素红联合染色标本和扫描电镜标本。结果晶状体内注入甲醛、冰醋酸、无水乙醇、丙酮和苯扎溴铵均能形成晶状体混浊,其中:冰醋酸致晶状体混浊能力最弱,无水乙醇、丙酮次之,甲醛、苯扎溴铵最强。当RECP≤90时,锥蓝-茜素红双重染色和扫描电镜均表明角膜内皮细胞活性好,其形态和细胞联接均无改变。当RECP=120时,角膜内皮细胞形态尚正常,但是细胞联结和胞膜部分破坏。当RECP=150时,角膜内皮细胞严重损伤。结论用化学方法制作核性白内障模型供过渡训练使用是可行的。当RECP超过某一数值(>90)时,即与角膜内皮细胞的活性成负相关。     

双侧丘脑底核电刺激治疗原发性肌张力障碍

目的 研究双侧丘脑底核（STN）脑深部电刺激术（DBS）治疗原发性肌张力障碍的长期疗效：方法 比较15例行舣侧STN—DBS治疗的原发性肌张力障碍患者，手术前后的Burke—Fahn—Marsden肌张力障碍评分改善程度及长期改善效果。结果 15例原发性肌张力障碍患者中12例在开启刺激器后症状即刻得到部分缓解，以不自主运动、异常姿势及躯体的扭转改善为主，其中9例在刺激1—3d后、3例刺激1，周后改善75％以上，6个月后平均改善92％；1例在2个月后开始改善，6个月后改善90％以上；2例在1个月开始出现轻微改善，6个月后改善了76％：15例患者的长期随访结果显示其疗效稳定，经过1—3次程控后不需经常调整刺激参数：所有患者未出现手术相关并发症及永久性副作用。结论 双侧丘脑底核脑深部电刺激术对原发性肌张力障碍有显著的治疗效果，且疗效持久、稳定，无并发症及永久性副作用。比较GPi—DBS而言，STN—DBS起效快、最件刺激化点及参数易于确定、刺激参数水平低、长期疗效稳定，可能是原发性肌张力障碍DBS治疗的理想靶点。     

PHA-L analysis of projections from the supramammillary nucleus in the rat.

The projections of the supramammillary nucleus (SUM) were examined in the rat by the anterograde anatomical tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). The majority of labeled fibers from SUM ascended through the forebrain within the medial forebrain bundle. SUM fibers were found to terminate heavily in the hippocampal formation, specifically within the granule cell layer and immediately adjoining molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. In addition, SUM fibers were shown to distribute densely to several structures with strong connections with the hippocampus, namely, the nucleus reunions of the thalamus, the medial and lateral septum, the entorhinal cortex, and the endopiriform nucleus. SUM fibers were also shown to project significantly to several additional subcortical and cortical sites. The subcortical sites were the dorsal raphe nucleus, the midbrain central gray, the fields of Forel/zona incerta, the dorsomedial hypothalamic area, midline/intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus (posterior paraventricular, rhomboid, central medial, intermediodorsal, and mediodorsal), the medial and lateral preoptic areas, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the substantia innominata, the vertical limb of the diagonal band nucleus, and the claustrum. The cortical sites were the occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices. Some notable differences were observed in projections from the lateral as compared to the medial SUM. For example, fibers originating from the lateral SUM distributed heavily to the hippocampal formation and parts of the cortex, whereas those from the medial SUM projected sparsely to these two regions. The SUM projections to the hippocampal formation and associated structures may serve as the substrate for a SUM involvement in the generation of the theta rhythm of the hippocampus and the gating of information flow through the hippocampal formation.     

大肠癌旁粘膜细胞的PCNA和AgNORs表达观察

用增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）和核仁组成区嗜银蛋白（ＡｇＮＯＲｓ）对３５例大肠癌旁粘膜进行细胞增殖表达与观察。结果表明：癌旁粘膜的ＰＣＮＡ标记指数增多，标记增强，排列紊乱。ＡｇＮＯＲｓ在癌旁粘膜中，颗粒增多、增大，形态多样，０￣１ｃｍ和２￣３ｃｍ组的标记指数与４￣５ｃｍ组的标记指数相比较，有显著或非常显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１）。在ＤｕｋｅＡ、Ｂ期中，细胞标记指数增高增强，与癌的发生和患者     

Control of feeding and sexual behaviors by neuropeptide Y: physiological implications

Recent evidence suggests that a variety of hypothalamic neuropeptides may mediate interneuronal communication to coordinate diverse neuroendocrine and behavioral functions. In this work, we describe the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on feeding and sexual behaviors. We observed that central administration of bolus NPY stimulated a robust, dose-related feeding response in satiated male and female rats. Continuous NPY receptor activation also evoked dose-related, intermittent feeding in a manner normally observed during nocturnal feeding. It appears that the paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus may be the primary site of NPY action because the anticipated reciprocal changes in NPY concentrations, in response to food deprivation followed by ad libitum food intake, occurred only in this site. Additional findings revealed that NPY-induced feeding may follow either substantial reduction or complete restraint of an inhibitory influence on feeding mediated by alpha 2-adrenoreceptor systems in satiated rats. Further, NPY was found to suppress male and female sexual behaviors. The suppressive effects on sexual behavior were apparent prior to or at the time of the onset of feeding after NPY administration. These observations may provide a neurochemical basis for clinical and animal studies on disorders of feeding associated with diminished reproductive functions.     

刺激兔扣带回对尾核头部痛相关单位电活动的影响

实验在15只家兔上进行。以玻璃微电极记录尾核头部(DHCN)痛相关单位,刺激扣带回,观察痛相关单位电活动的变化。在70只DHCN痛相关单位中,有44个对刺激扣带回表现兴奋反应(62.9％),17个呈抑制反应(24.3％),9个变化不明显(12.8％)。进一步观察了52只痛相关单位,在刺激扣带回后再施伤害刺激,43个原痛兴奋单位中15个转为抑制(34.9％),16个进一步兴奋(37.2％)12个无变化(27.9％);原9个痛抑制单位,8个转为兴奋,1个变化不明显。提示,扣带回可通过其下行活动,调制伤害性冲动在尾核水平上的传递。     

Ascending general visceral pathways within the brainstems of two teleost fishes: Ictalurus punctatus and Carassius auratus.

The primary general visceral nucleus in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) is located at the ventroposterior boundary of the vagal gustatory lobe and receives coelomic visceral, but not gustatory inputs. The neuronal tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was employed to visualize sources of input to and ascending projections from the primary general visceral nucleus in these species. In addition, immunocytochemical techniques were utilized to define the cytological divisions within the pontine gustatory-visceral complex. The pontine secondary visceral nuclei in both catfish and goldfish contains numerous somata and fibers immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In contrast, the secondary gustatory nuclei are devoid of fibers and cells immunoreactive for CGRP. In both the goldfish and the channel catfish, the primary general visceral nucleus receives input from the vagal gustatory lobe, as well as the medullary reticular formation. In the channel catfish, the primary general visceral nucleus projects bilaterally to the secondary visceral nucleus, which lies rostrolateral to the secondary gustatory nucleus in the dorsal pons. Fibers cross the midline via the rostral part of the isthmic commissure. Injection of HRP into the primary general visceral nucleus of a goldfish labels ascending fibers that project to a secondary visceral nucleus situated ventral, lateral, and rostral to the secondary gustatory complex. In general, the results indicate that general visceral systems ascend in parallel to gustatory systems within the brainstem, and that general visceral but not gustatory nuclei are immunoreactive for the peptide CGRP.     

大鼠固定脑双侧脑桥尾侧网状核间联系的研究-Dil荧光标记法

本文用Di1荧光染料作轴突示踪剂,主要在大鼠死后固定脑组织上研究双侧脑桥尾侧网状核间联系。结果发现:大量标记纤维聚集成小束,自一侧脑桥尾侧网状核越过中线至对侧同名核,标记纤维呈桔红色、强荧光,直径约1-2微米,纤维主要集中该核的腹侧区。当这些纤维达对侧网状结构内的脑桥尾侧网状部位,其中有些纤维分为上升、下降技。下降纤维行于两侧网状结构的内侧部,同侧约可追踪4-7毫米,对侧约2毫米左右,纤维在下降过程中逐渐减少。活体注射后,可见少量越过中线纤维,并在两侧网状结构内侧部见到少量纤维和散在的终末样纤维。双侧锥体束内均见大量标记纤维,除少数例子外,对侧荧光强度强于同侧。少量交叉纤维入对侧锥体束后入脑桥尾侧网状核。本文还对新近使用于神经解剖研究的荧光染料Dil的优、缺点进行了探讨。