Perioperative dexmedetomidine reduces emergence agitation without increasing the oculocardiac reflex in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background:Intravenous dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been used to prevent emergence agitation (EA) in children. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate whether DEX decreases EA incidence without augmenting oculocardiac reflex (OCR) in pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery.Methods:We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang, and the Cochrane Library to collect the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of intraoperative DEX in children undergoing strabismus surgery from inception to October 2019. Postoperative Pediatric Agitation and Emergence Delirium (PAED) score, postoperative EA, extubation or laryngeal mask airway (LMA) removal time, postanesthetic care unit (PACU) stay time, OCR, and postoperative vomiting (POV) were evaluated.Results:11 RCTs including 801 patients were included in this study. Compared with control group, intravenous DEX significantly reduced postoperative PAED score (WMD, 3.05; 95% CI: -3.82 to -2.27, P = .017) and incidences of postoperative EA 69% (RR, 0.31; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.55, P < .00) and POV (RR, 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.61, P = .001). Furthermore, the use of DEX significantly delayed extubation or LMA removal time (WMD, 2.11; 95% CI: 0.25 to 3.97, P < .001). No significant difference was found in the incidence of ORC and PACU stay time.Conclusion:Intravenous DEX reduced the incidences of EA without increasing OCR in pediatric patients undergoing strabismus surgery. Meanwhile, DEX infusion decreased the incidence of POV in children.     

Riker镇静躁动评分对脑出血患者麻醉苏醒后躁动的影响

目的：探讨Riker镇静躁动评分对脑出血患者麻醉苏醒后躁动及认知功能的影响。方法将68例脑出血外科手术患者按随机数字表分为观察组及对照组,各34例。对照组给予常规性护理,观察组应用Riker镇静躁动评分进行护理,比较2组患者术后躁动、皮肤损伤、非计划性拔管、再出血等并发症发生情况。结果观察组患者躁动、皮肤损伤、非计划性拔管、再出血发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 Riker镇静躁动评分系统评估干预脑出血术后患者能有效降低患者躁动及意外事件发生率,提高患者满意度。     

右美托咪定对七氟醚复合骶管阻滞小儿麻醒期躁动的预防作用及炎症应激反应的影响

目的:研究右美托咪定对七氟醚复合骶管阻滞小儿麻醒期躁动的预防作用及炎症应激反应的影响.方法:将2012年3月～2014年6月期间在我院接受腹部以下手术的90例患儿纳入研究,随机分为两组,并接受七氟醚复合骶管阻滞麻醉,观察组在麻醉诱导完成后给予右美托咪定静脉注射,对照组给予等剂量生理盐水静脉注射,比较两组患儿的生命体征指标、炎症反应指标以及应激反应指标.结果:(1)生命体征:观察组患儿的心率(HR)、心脏指数(CI)和心脏与收缩压乘积(RPP)均低于对照组(P＜0.05);(2)炎症反应:观察组患儿的磷脂肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、内皮素-1(ET-1)含量低于对照组,一氧化氮(NO)含量高于对照组(P＜0.05);(3)应激反应:观察组患儿的皮质醇、醛固酮以及血糖水平低于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:右美托咪定有助于稳定生命体征、缓解炎症和应激反应,是小儿七氟醚复合骶管阻滞麻醉后预防苏醒期躁动的理想方法.     

Influence of agitation methods of irrigants after methylene blue-mediated PDT on the bonding interface of a fiber post cementation system

BackgroundThis study evaluated the effects of final agitation methods of irrigants to remove methylene blue and sodium hypochlorite residues after PDT-assisted endodontic treatment on the bond strength of fiber posts cemented with etch-and-rinse adhesive and conventional resin cement.MethodsNinety bovine teeth were endodontically treated. In sequence, post space preparation followed by methylene blue-mediated PDT and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation were performed. Six final irrigations protocols for dye and NaOCl removal were performed prior to cementation with etch-and-rinse adhesive (Adper Scocthbond Multipurpose) and conventional dual resin cement (RelyX ARC): Conventional endodontic irrigation (CEI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), mechanical agitation with XP Endo Finisher (XPF), XP Clean (XPC) or Easy Clean (ECL) and distilled water (NCO - control). After fiber post cementation, push-out bond strength test was performed at different thirds of the post space. Failure mode was also analyzed. ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test was used for data analysis (α=5%).ResultsPUI, XPF e XPC protocols showed the highest bond strength values with no difference among them (p > 0.05), although they were similar to NCO, regardless of the post space third. CEI e ECL showed similar bond strength values, regardless of the third (p > 0.05). Adhesive failure was the most incident for CEI and ECL, while mixed and cohesive failures were predominant in PUI, XPF, XPC and NCO groups.ConclusionsMechanical agitation of distilled water with XPF, XPC and PUI after methylene blue-mediated PDT and irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite promoted bond strength of the resin cementation system in post space dentin comparable to control group.     

家长陪同对口腔门诊患儿七氟烷全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响研究

目的　研究家长陪同对口腔门诊患儿七氟烷全身麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法　选取2017年6—12月于重庆医科大学附属口腔医院行七氟烷全身麻醉口腔治疗患儿120例,随机分为陪同组和未陪同组,每组60例。陪同组患儿在治疗前麻醉诱导期及治疗后苏醒期均有家长陪同,未陪同组患儿在麻醉诱导期及苏醒期均无家长陪同。采用小儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表（pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale,PAED）对患儿麻醉苏醒期躁动情况进行评分,并计算躁动发生率。结果　陪同组PAED评分为（9.18 ± 3.41）分,未陪同组PAED评分为（10.57 ± 3.62）分,两组PAED评分比较,差异有统计学意义（t = 2.04,P = 0.03）。陪同组躁动发生率（26.67%）明显低于非陪同组（50.00%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 6.91,P = 0.01）。结论　治疗前麻醉诱导期及治疗后苏醒期有家长陪同,可减少患儿躁动的发生,提高家长对口腔治疗的满意度,促进良好的医患关系。     

Music and Nursing Home Residents with Dementia: A Literature Review

Many residents of long-term care facilities have dementia, depression, and anxiety. Approximately two-thirds of these individuals exhibit clinically significant behavioral issues manifesting in the form of falls, accidents, elopement (wandering), and behavioral disturbance. Evidence suggests music enables persons with dementia to reconnect with past memories, thereby reducing agitation-associated negative behaviors. For older nursing home residents with dementia, music may provide a valid alternative to pharmacologic treatment. This literature review investigates the current research to determine the effect of music intervention vs music therapy as a nonpharmacologic means of reducing agitation associated behaviors in older nursing home residents with dementia.     

地佐辛降低手术患者全麻苏醒期躁动的临床效果

目的：探讨地佐辛对全麻苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选取全麻手术患者140例,根据病历单双号随机分为观察组（73例）和对照组（67例）。观察组患者在手术结束前30 min 给予5 mg 地佐辛静脉注射;对照组给予5 mL 0.9% NaCl 溶液静脉滴注。对两组患者拔管前5 min、拔管时及拔管后5 min 进行躁动评分和镇静评分;于拔管后10 min 对两组患者舒适度进行评价;记录两组患者拔管时间、睁眼时间以及呼吸恢复时间。结果拔管前5 min、拔管时以及拔管后5 min 观察组患者躁动评分分别为（1.11±0.13）分、（1.13±0.11）分和（0.44±0.05）分,均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;观察组患者镇静评分分别为（1.82±0.14）分、（2.18±0.30）分及（2.63±0.21）分,均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。拔管后10 min 观察组患者 Bcs 舒适度得分为（2.73±0.21）分,明显高于对照组,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。观察组患者拔管时间、睁眼时间以及呼吸恢复时间与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。结论术前给予地佐辛静脉注射可以有效降低手术患者全麻苏醒期躁动,提高患者舒适度,并且不会抑制患者的呼吸,临床应用安全。     

Low-Dose Dexmedetomidine Reduces Emergence Agitation after Desflurane Anaesthesia in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery

Purpose

Emergence agitation (EA) is frequently observed in children undergoing general anaesthesia. This study tested whether the addition of an intra-operative low-dose infusion of dexmedetomidine to fentanyl treatment reduced the incidence of emergence delirium following desflurane anesthesia in children undergoing strabismus surgery.

Materials and Methods

A total of 96 children (1-5 years old) undergoing strabismus surgery were enrolled. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with desflurane. After induction, fentanyl (1 µg/kg) was administered to all children. During surgery, patients were infused with 0.2 µg/(kg·h)^-1 dexmedetomidine (Group FD, n=47) or normal saline (Group F, n=47). Postoperative objective pain score (OPS), Paediatric Agitation and Emergence Delirium (PAED) score, and EA score were documented every 10 minutes in the post-anaesthesia care unit.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups in demographic characteristics and haemodynamic changes. The mean values of maximum EA, maximum PAED, and maximum OPS score were significantly lower in Group FD than in Group F at 0, 10, and 20 minutes after arrival at the post-anaesthesia care unit (p<0.001). The frequency of fentanyl rescue was lower in Group FD than in Group F (p<0.001). The incidence of severe EA was significantly lower in Group FD than in Group F (12.8% vs. 74.5%, p<0.001).

Conclusion

Intra-operative low-dose infusion of dexmedetomidine in addition to fentanyl reduces EA following desflurane anaesthesia in children undergoing strabismus surgeries.