Donor left ventricular hypertrophy increases risk for early graft failure

A review of factors contributing to early mortality after cardiac transplantation revealed that up to 25 % of deaths were due to primary graft dysfunction unrelated to rejection or infection. In light of this finding, evaluation of a donor heart with regard to its suitability for transplantation takes on added importance. In an effort to screen the suitability of donor hearts in the region covered by the Northwest Organ Procurement Agency (USA), all donors are evaluated by two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography as part of the initial evaluation. A total of 110 donor echocardiograms were reviewed and an attempt was made to correlate the 30-day outcome with the parameters measured. An unexpected finding was that the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the donor heart was associated with an increase in the incidence of donor heart dysfunction compared with donors with normal echocardiographic profiles (33 % vs 3 %, P = 0.007). Received: 12 February 1996 Received after resision: 27 June 1997 Accepted: 14 July 1997     

Pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of ISDN following different dosage forms and routes of administration

The pharmacokinetics and haemodynamic effects of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) have been investigated following administration of single doses as a sublingual (SL) spray (2.5 mg), sublingual tablet (5 mg) and peroral tablet (10 mg) in a randomised, placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over trial in 16 healthy volunteers.After the sublingual spray C_max was higher (39.0 ng·ml^-1) and t_max was shorter (3.9 min) than after the sublingual (22.8 ng·ml^-1 and 13.8 min) and peroral (16.9 ng·ml^-1 and 25.6 min) tablets. The AUC of ISDN did not differ following any of the three formulations (1031; 879; 997 ng·ml^-1·min, for the spray, SL tablet and PO-tablet, respectively). Mononitrate metabolites of ISDN (IS-2-MN and IS-5-MN) and total nitrates in plasma increased in proportion to the administered dose. This indicates that the fraction of the dose absorbed was the same for all the formulations but that the extent of first-pass metabolism increased in the order sublingual spray < sublingual tablet < peroral tablet. Thus, compared to the spray, the relative bioavailability of ISDN was 48% and 28% from the sublingual and peroral tablets, respectively.The haemodynamic effects were quantified using the a/b ratio of the finger pulse wave and the systolic blood pressure and heart rate under orthostatic conditions. For the a/b ratio of the finger pulse, the maximal effect was higher (e_max=130%) and the time to e_max (t_emax) shorter (16.6 min) after the spray than the sublingual tablet (84.4% and 25.5 min) or peroral tablet (90.2 and 31.3 min). The onset of effect was within 3, 5 and 7.5 min after the spray, sublingual and peroral tablets, respectively. A larger change in the orthostatically-induced decrease in systolic blood pressure and increase in heart rate was obtained following peroral than sublingual administration despite the similar plasma concentrations of ISDN. This probably reflects the larger amount of pharmacodynamically active mononitrate metabolites formed after oral dosing. The integrated effect following administration of 2.5 mg ISDN as spray was similar to that of a sublingual tablet of 5 mg.     

彩色多普勒在心脏起搏器综合征诊断中的应用价值

目的 :探讨运用彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)并结合心电图 (ECG)诊断起搏器综合征 (PMS)的临床价值。方法 :对具有详实临床及ECG资料的心室按需 (VVI)起搏器安置患者 6 0例及对照组 4 8例进行CDEI检查 ,观察起搏组与对照组的三尖瓣返流 (TR)的发生率、返流程度 ,并分析二者之间的相关性。结果 :起搏组出现逆传P波 (即PMS阳性 )者 15例 ,CDFI检测出现TR者 2 0例 ,明显高于对照组 ,且PMS阳性者TR发生率明显高于PMS阴性者 ,表明安置VVI起搏器后出现逆传P波与TR的发生相关性良好。结论 :CDFI对PMS的诊断具有重要意义 ,尤其将ECG与CDFI结合应用有助于诊断率的提高。     

子宫内膜增生性病变与子宫内膜癌的超声诊断价值

目的:探讨子宫内膜增生性病变与子宫内膜癌的超声鉴别诊断及内膜癌肌浸程度的估价.方法:采用术前B超、术后大体标本观察测量,对123例子宫内膜病变患者的声像图资料进行分析并与手术后病理结果对照.结果:①子宫内膜病变者子宫三径之和平均值均大于正常值;②58.6%的子宫内膜增生过长病变患者内膜形态以条形、梭形和正常形态回声;35%的Ⅱ期以上子宫内膜癌患者内膜回声以积液为主兼有其它图像类型;③大于50岁患者不同病理类型病变的子宫内膜平均厚度均超过其正常内膜厚度值,但无明显的规律性.小于50岁的患者内膜增厚主要以子宫内膜增生过长病变为主占48%;④通过超声测量子宫内膜厚度判断子宫内膜癌浅肌层和深肌层浸润符合率均为71.4%.结论:超声检查对判断子宫内膜病变病理类型有一定帮助,内膜厚度、内膜形态、回声特点、及内膜与肌层间的关系等,仅提示病变存在的可能性,要鉴别病变的良恶性、肌层浸润深度,须根据上述回声特点进行综合分析.     

超声波在医疗领域中的应用及分析例举

本文简要介绍了超声波的三个特点，并从诊断、治疗、辅助用途三方面论述了超声波在临床的普遍应用，其中重点介绍了三维超声成像技术。     

肾癌的超声声像图与组织病理结构的相关性分析

目的:探讨不同病理组织结构肾癌的超声声像图表现,以提高超声对声像图表现不典型肾癌的超声诊断准确率。材料和方法:回顾性分析120例患者的123例肾癌和13例患者肾错构瘤的超声声像图特征,以无回声、低回声、高回声和强回声进行分类,并结合术后组织病理结果相对照。结果:123例肾癌中肾透明细胞癌117例,肾乳头状细胞癌2例,移形细胞癌2例,肾母细胞癌1例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤1例。121例肾恶性肿瘤声像图表现:无回声3例,低回声77例,高、强回声41例。13例肾错钩瘤均为高、强回声。结论:肾癌的声像图以低回声为主,部分可伴囊变,钙化,部分肾癌会出现高,强回声,是引起超声诊断错误的原因之一。     

超声及临床特征对附睾局灶性病变的鉴别价值

目的:评价超声及临床特征在附睾局灶性病变鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析附睾局灶性病变48例,包括非特异性附睾炎、附睾结核和附睾精液囊肿。分析附睾局灶性病变大小、形态、位置、回声强度及均一性,鞘膜腔是否有积液;病灶血流的程度以及患者年龄、病程和阴囊压痛程度。结果:附睾结核病灶平均面积比非特异性附睾炎病灶大(P<0.05),并多可见钙化斑。非特异性附睾炎病灶的血流信号比附睾结核(P<0.05)及附睾精液囊肿(P<0.01)丰富;非特异性附睾炎病程比附睾结核(P<0.01)和附睾精液囊肿(P<0.01)短;非特异性附睾炎病灶的压痛比附睾结核(P<0.01)和附睾精液囊肿(P<0.01)明显。附睾局灶性病变发生位置及有无鞘膜积液无明显区别(P>0.05)。结论:超声和临床特征对附睾局灶性病变鉴别诊断具有重要的价值,为临床诊断、治疗附睾疾病及评价疗效提供客观依据。     

胎盘早剥的超声诊断

目的:探讨超声对胎盘早剥的诊断价值。方法:对过去16年间我院收治的19例经手术或阴道分娩证实的胎盘早剥患者的声像图与产后结果对照。结果:B超对Ⅰ度胎盘早剥(剥离面积<1/3)的诊断符合率为37.50%,对Ⅱ度(剥离面积1/3左右)、Ⅲ度胎盘剥离(剥离面积>1/2)的诊断符合率为88.89%。结论:超声对中重型胎盘早剥的诊断符合率较轻型患者为高。     

胫骨前肌疲劳时比目鱼肌诱发肌电图H波的变化及其机制探讨

为了解主动肌疲劳时拮抗肌脊髓运动神经元兴奋性变化的规律 ,本研究采用踝关节背屈运动形式 ,对胫骨前肌 (主动肌 )疲劳状态下的比目鱼肌 (拮抗肌 )诱发肌电图H波成分进行了观察。并以压迫阻断胫骨前肌Ⅰa类神经纤维传导的方法 ,对比目鱼肌H波变化机制进行了分析探讨。结果发现 :(1)胫骨前肌疲劳后 ,比目鱼肌H波明显受到抑制 ,与安静时比较呈非常显著性差异 ;(2 )胫骨前肌Ⅰa类神经纤维传导被阻断后 ,比目鱼肌H波的抑制现象没有解除。表明 ,胫骨前肌疲劳时比目鱼肌H波被抑制的原因 ,可能是由于主动肌内的代谢产物激活了Ⅲ·Ⅳ类神经纤维的感受器 ,Ⅲ·Ⅳ类神经纤维的传入冲动增加 ,使Ⅰa抑制性中间神经元被激活 ,导致拮抗肌脊髓运动神经元的兴奋性受到了抑制