老年痴呆患者亲属的应付方式与行为干预效果评价

目的探讨行为干预对老年痴呆患者亲属的应付方式的影响。方法对65例老年痴呆患者的亲属进行为期3周的行为干预,并采用应付方式问卷对干预前后的应付方式改善情况进行评定和分析。结果行为干预后老年痴呆患者的亲属退避及自责的消极应付方式较干预前明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),求助和解决问题的积极应付方式较干预前明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论行为干预能提高老年痴呆患者亲属的心理健康水平,改善情感表达方式和消极的应付方式。     

A multivariate perspective on schizotypy and familial association with schizophrenia: a review

Although generally accepted that schizotypal personality disorder diagnosis is more prevalent among relatives of individuals with schizophrenia and may be associated with genetic liability to schizophrenia, it seems likely that this diagnosis is itself heterogeneous and thus perhaps not as useful in identifying genes that affect schizophrenia risk (i.e. endophenotypes) as it could be. In contrast, symptoms and dimensions of schizotypal personality disorder may be more etiologically homogeneous, and thus more useful in genetic studies. The current review evaluated and consolidated evidence to date regarding specific symptoms and dimensions of schizotypal personality disorder among non-psychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Comparisons were made with relatives of affective disorder patients and non-psychiatric controls. Findings indicate strong support for elevation of social-interpersonal schizotypal symptoms among relatives of schizophrenia patients versus other groups along with moderate specificity. Results suggest only a small elevation of cognitive-perceptual and disorganized symptoms in relatives of schizophrenia patients and results for disorganized symptoms were inconsistent across studies. Thus, evidence to date supports further investigation of genetic associations between symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder and schizophrenia, and suggests that social-interpersonal symptoms may be particularly promising in genetic analyses of schizophrenia.     

艾滋病人隐私权与家属知情权的冲突与平衡

随着中国法治进程的进一步发展,公民个人的权利意识逐日增强,权利与权利冲突亦日益突显。作为一名普通公民,既渴望保留自己的私密,又渴望获得更多有关国家、社会、他人的信息。此时,隐私权与知情权的冲突便成了无法回避的问题。尤其是艾滋病人这一特殊人群,他们的隐私权与亲属的知情权更是一个尖锐的问题。故须明确两权的内涵以及两者之间的冲突,浅析冲突原因,细解双方利弊,平衡各方利益,并用法律的手段予以协调,使之和谐运行并造福社会。     

Cognitive deficits in early-onset schizophrenia spectrum patients and their non-psychotic siblings: a comparison with ADHD

BACKGROUND: Previous research has shown cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the areas of executive function, verbal memory and attention. Subtle deficits have been shown in healthy first-degree relatives of patients, suggesting that they may be trait markers. The specificity of these markers for schizophrenia compared with another neurodevelopmental disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has not been reliably established. METHODS: The Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT), FAS Test of orthographic verbal fluency (FAS) and Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs (CPT-IP) were administered to adolescent schizophrenia spectrum patients (SZ; n=30), adolescent siblings of schizophrenia spectrum patients (SZ-SIB; n=36), healthy control participants (HC; n=72); a neurodevelopmental comparison group of adolescents with ADHD (n=27). RESULTS: The SZ group were impaired on all measures. The SZ-SIB group were impaired on IQ, immediate recall (RAVLT), target sensitivity (CPT-IP), response initiation (HSCT); error rates for the FAS and HSCT. There were no significant differences between the SZ-SIB and ADHD groups on individual measures of cognitive function. Principal Components Analysis revealed four factors on which further analyses were conducted. The SZ-SIB and ADHD groups showed different profiles of impairment on components related to response initiation and sustained attention/vigilance when each was compared with the HC group. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in intellectual function, verbal memory and response initiation/inhibition were found in the SZ-SIB group indicating that these are markers of risk for schizophrenia. Subtle differences in profiles of impairment in the SZ-SIB and ADHD groups on composite measures of attention and response initiation require further investigation.     

An auditory processing abnormality specific to liability for schizophrenia

Abnormal brain activity during the processing of simple sounds is evident in individuals with increased genetic liability for schizophrenia; however, the diagnostic specificity of these abnormalities has yet to be fully examined. Because recent evidence suggests that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may share aspects of genetic etiology the present study was conducted to determine whether individuals with heightened genetic liability for each disorder manifested distinct neural abnormalities during auditory processing. Utilizing a dichotic listening paradigm, we assessed target tone discrimination and electrophysiological responses in schizophrenia patients, first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients, bipolar disorder patients, first-degree biological relatives of bipolar patients and nonpsychiatric control participants. Schizophrenia patients and relatives of schizophrenia patients demonstrated reductions in an early neural response (i.e. N1) suggestive of deficient sensory registration of auditory stimuli. Bipolar patients and relatives of bipolar patients demonstrated no such abnormality. Both schizophrenia and bipolar patients failed to significantly augment N1 amplitude with attention. Schizophrenia patients also failed to show sensitivity of longer-latency neural processes (N2) to stimulus frequency suggesting a disorder specific deficit in stimulus classification. Only schizophrenia patients exhibited reduced target tone discrimination accuracy. Reduced N1 responses reflective of early auditory processing abnormalities are suggestive of a marker of genetic liability for schizophrenia and may serve as an endophenotype for the disorder.     

DNA Damage in Patients of Carcinoma Breast a Clinical Study by using Comet Assay

35 cases of 27-68years old breast cancer individuals and 15 female individuals of FDFRS formed the material for the current study. An equal number of normal healthy females controls were also included to investigate the extent of DNA damaged in cases, FDFRs and controls. 'Comet assay' was done by conventional methods with slight modifications. For Comet metrics, a Trinocular research microscope, Nikkon Optiphot model with automatic photomicrograph attachment was used. Thus quantification of the DNA damage was done by measuring comet tail length in all the three groups (cases, FDFRs and controls).There was significant increase in the mean comet tail length from controls to FDFRs (p<0.0001) and from FDFRs to cases (p<0.0001). In other words the DNA damage significantly increased from controls to FDFRs and from FDFRs to cases. It was also observed that among various stages of cases the mean comet tail length increased significantly from stage II A to stage III B.Mean comettail length wasfound to be increased significantly in the advanced stage of carcinomas, i.e. stage III B followed by stage III A and II A. The FDFRs of breast carcinoma individuals showed significant level of DNA damage. This may be used as a marker/tool forthe identification of the diseased condition which gets manifested infamilies.     

护理干预对肺癌化疗患者家属焦虑情绪的影响

目的：探讨护理干预对肺癌化疗患者家属焦虑情绪的影响。方法：对76例肺癌患者家属在患者化疗前、化疗时进行心理及认知干预,并于护理干预前后采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）对患者家属的焦虑状况进行测评。结果：76例患者家属SAS评分经过心理及认知干预后,显著低于干预前的评分（P〈0.01）。结论：对肺癌化疗患者家属进行有效的护理干预能缓解其焦虑情绪,对肺癌患者的持续治疗有着积极的帮助作用。     

癫痫患儿家属健康教育需求调查分析

目的 探讨住院癫痫患儿家属对健康教育知识的需求,为临床护理工作实施健康教育提供依据,指导患儿全面康复.方法 采用问卷调查法对60例首次住院癫痫患儿的家属进行调查.结果 家属认为疾病相关知识的需求最重要.结论 对癫痫患儿家属健康教育内容的选择有一定的指导作用,有利于指导有个性化、针对性强的健康教育计划,提高家属对患儿治疗和服药的依从性,有利于患儿的康复.     

精神病患者长期住院引发的心理问题与亲属探视的相关性分析及应对策略

目的探讨精神病患者长期住院引发的心理问题与亲属探视水平的相关性及应对策略。方法对53例住院患者进行亲属探视时间的期望水平调查。结果由于亲属对患者的心理需求的忽视和冷漠,94.3%的患者出现较严重的心理问题,经spearman等级相关分析,亲属探视水平与要求探视的欲望呈正相关关系(rs′=0.780,P<0.01)。结论精神病患者长期住院的心理问题应引起亲属的积极关注;应改变患者生存环境,促进康复,减少家庭成员的冷漠和高情绪表达以及给予心理护理。     

对汶川地震后遇难者亲属心理危机早期干预的方法及临床效应分析

目的探讨地震灾难中遇难者亲属心理危机早期干预的方法和效果。方法对汶川地震后78名心理危机的遇难者亲属采用四步法进行早期心理干预,干预后使用危机干预分类评估量表（THF）和应激症状结构访谈评估表进行干预前后心理变化比较。结果THF显示78名亲属在认知、情感方面症状减轻明显（P〈0.05）,应激症状结构访谈评估显示创伤体验重复出现痛苦的程度,罪恶感或愤怒程度,苦恼和社会功能障碍程度降低显著（P〈0.01）。主要是在面对类似或象征创伤事件时唤起的精神痛苦和生理反应降低,饮食和采取措施应对现实有所改善。结论早期心理危机干预四步法效果明显,可帮助遇难者亲属度过危机,恢复生机。