乳腺癌组织中第Ⅷ因子相关抗原和组织蛋白酶D与癌转移及预后的关系

目的探讨乳腺癌组织中第Ⅷ因子相关抗原和组织蛋白酶Ｄ在其转移、预后中的关系。方法采用免疫组化ＳＰ法对３３例乳腺癌进行第Ⅷ因子相关抗原（Ｆ８）和组织蛋白酶Ｄ（Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ）染色。结果３３例乳腺癌微血管Ｆ８染色均阳性（１００％）。癌组织内染色阳性在７０％以上者７例（２１．２１％）,癌周组织阳性在７０％以上者２５例（７１．６７％）,两者有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｆ８表达与腋窝淋巴结转移有相关性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。３３例乳腺癌Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ阳性者３０例,占９０．０９％。结论Ｆ８、Ｃａｔｈ－Ｄ免疫组化染色对判断乳腺癌转移、预后有着重要意义。两项同时检测可起互补作用。     

子宫内膜异位症患者免疫功能的变化

目的　为了探讨子宫内膜异位症发病的免疫机制。方法　采用间接免疫荧光法对子宫内膜异位症患者外周血中的 Ｔ细胞亚群、 Ｂ 细胞, Ｎ Ｋ 细胞及 Ｉ Ｌ－ ２ Ｒ＋ 细胞进行检测,并采用酶联免疫双抗体夹心法对子宫内膜异位症患者外周血及腹腔液中的 Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ－ α浓度进行了检测。结果　子宫内膜异位症患者外周血中 Ｔ 细胞亚群失衡、 Ｂ 细胞增多,外周血及腹腔液中的 Ｔ Ｎ Ｆ－ α浓度显著升高。结论　外周血中 Ｔ 细胞亚群失衡、 Ｂ 细胞增多,腹腔液中 Ｔ Ｎ Ｆα浓度升高可能与子宫内膜异位症的发生,发展密切相关。     

肿瘤可溶性抗原实验研究

目的　探讨肿瘤可溶性抗原免疫原性,为肿瘤疫苗的研制和肿瘤免疫治疗提供实验依据。方法　提取卵巢癌细胞的可溶性成分作为肿瘤可溶性抗原(tumorsolubleantigen,TSA),单独用TSA或联合IL-2,CD-3单抗诱导外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),检测PBMC活化、增殖、分泌细胞因子以及活化的细胞对肿瘤的杀伤特性。结果　TSA能刺激正常人PBMC增殖和分泌细胞因子(TNF,IFN)。用TSA联合IL-2和抗CD3单抗诱导正常人PBMC产生杀瘤性效应细胞,对TSA来源的肿瘤细胞具有选择性杀伤作用,证实TSA具有免疫原性。肿瘤细胞提取物中细胞多肽是主要活性成分,但细胞膜成分也具有免疫活性。结论　用该实验方法提取TSA具有免疫原性,可用于肿瘤疫苗的研制和肿瘤过继免疫治疗,该实验方法和结果可为检测和评价肿瘤提取物是否具有免疫原性提供参考。     

EDWARD COTLIER AND ROBERT WEINREB, EDITORS Retinoblastoma in Transgenic Mice: Models of Hereditary Retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular malignancy in childhood, has served as a paradigm for the study of genetic mechanisms of oncogenesis. The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene to be cloned, and genetic and molecular biologic studies of this tumor have greatly expanded the understanding of the mechanics of tumorigenesis. Human retinoblastoma has essentially no naturally occurring animal counterpart. The development of transgenic murine models of retinoblastoma have created an experimental tool for manipulation of a tumor gene system in vivo. These models have also enabled studies of new therapeutic modalities. This review outlines the development of the transgenic murine models of retinoblastoma, together with the genetic mechanisms of retinoblastoma origin. Current therapeutic innovations developed by means of the transgenic models are described.     

肺癌患者血清一氧化氮浓度变化的观察

为了解肿瘤患者体内ＮＯ变化规律,应用萘乙烯二胺盐酸盐显色法对２５例健康人及１８例肺癌患者者进行了血清ＮＯ含量测定,同时采用放射免疫法进行了ＴＮＦ－α及ＳＯＤ平行测定。结果示,肺癌患者血清ＮＯ及ＴＮＦ－α含量明显高于对照组,而血清ＳＯＤ含量明显低于对照组,ＮＯ含量与ＴＮＦ－α及ＳＯＤ含量间不存在明显相关性变化,肺癌患者血清,ＮＯ浓度随病情严重程度及病程延长而增加,与肿瘤病理分型无明显相关。     

Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Head and Neck: A Selected Review with Emphasis on Terminology

Virtually every variant of neuroendocrine neoplasia can occur, at least rarely, in the head and neck region. This review focuses on the terminology surrounding neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx and their distinction from morphologically similar but biologically distinctive neoplasmas. It is suggested that rare typical laryngeal carcinoids be labeled as such. There is little evidence that these lesions are part of a morphologic continuum. In contrast, more common “carcinoid-like” carcinomas, previously referred to as “atypical carcinoids” are more appropriately labeled as “moderately differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas”. These neoplasms should, in turn, be distinguished from “small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas,” although these latter two neoplasms do represent a morphologic and behavioral spectrum. Light microscopic and immunohistochemical features distinguishing neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx from paraganglioma, metastatic medullary carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and basaloid squamous cell carcinoma are presented. The second portion of this review outlines the clinicopathologic features of two head and neck neoplasms exhibiting varying degrees of neuroendocrine differentiation. Olfactory neuroblastomas have well-developed neuroendocrine differentiation, almost invariably arise from the olfactory mucosa, typically exhibit low-grade cytologic features, and may have protracted clinical course with an approximately 50% overall 5-yr survival. In contrast, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma is a microscopically high-grade neoplasm with minimal, abortive neuroendocrine features, a highly aggressive clinical course, and virtually 100% mortality. They can arise throughout the sinonasal region. Presented at the Endocrine Pathology Society—USCAP Meeting, Washington, DC, March 23, 1996.     

Primary intramedullary spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor with intracranial seeding in an infant

Primary spinal cord primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) is a rare entity. In all, 13 cases have been reported in the literature, including 3 with intracranial seeding. A 3-month-old girl with involvement of the spinal cord below the mid-thoracic level is described. The brain MRI revealed findings indicative of seeding along the intracranial subarachnoid space. Biopsy, duraplasty and removal of laminotomy flap were done. In spite of a good response to the first cycle of postoperative 8-drugs-in-a-day chemotherapy, further treatment was refused. She died 21 days after the onset of leg weakness, which reveals the rapid progression of untreated cases. To our knowledge, this is the first case of spinal cord PNET with parenchymal involvement that has been described in an infant.     

Interferon-β inhibits proliferation and progression through S phase of the cell cycle in five glioma cell lines

Summary The growth inhibitory effect of IFN- was evaluated in 5 human glioma cell lines (AO2V4, GJC, GJR, NN and NNR) and in normal astrocyte cultures (SC and TM). All 5 glioma cell lines showed an anti-proliferative response to IFN- whereas normal glial cells were non-responsive. IFN- at 10, 100 and 500 U/ml lead to a 30%,70% and 80% relative decrease in cell number after 12 days, respectively in AO2V4 cells. GJC and GJR cell lines also responded significantly to the lowest concentration of IFN- tested and at 500 U/ml the relative cell number decreased 55%. The NN and NNR cells were the least responsive to IFN- with maximum growth inhibition of 30% at 500 U IFN-/ml. Following treatment with IFN-, AO2V4, GJC, GJR and normal astrocytes all expressed mRNA encoding the anti-viral protein, 2-5A synthetase demonstrating that IFN- bound to receptors on all four cell lines and activated signal transduction pathways required for induction of an anti-viral protein. A determination of the relative number of viable cells showed that none of these cells exhibited a significant decrease in cell viability. Since the antiproliferative response to IFN- was not primarily due to cell death, the effect of IFN- on cell cycle progression was evaluated by flow cytometry. All treated glioma cell lines showed a relative increase in proportion of cells in S phase. AO2V4 cells had a 50%–80% increase in the percentage of cells in S phase, whereas GJC, GJR and NNR had percentage increases of 20%–40%. IFN- treatment of normal astrocytes did not significantly alter their cell cycle profile. These data suggest that IFN- exerts its antiproliferative effect on glioma cells by arresting the ordered progression through S phase or decreasing entry into G₂/M phase of the cell cycle.     

Breast cancer vascularity: Color Doppler sonography and histopathology study

Summary In this prospective study, the authors examined 50 patients with breast tumors (malignant, n = 32; benign, n = 18) to investigate the correlation between color Doppler flow mapping and histopathological findings and to evaluate the clinical significance of color Doppler mapping. Among the 32 patients with breast cancer, color Doppler signals were detected in 24 patients (75%). The maximum flow velocities varied from 5 to 34 cm/sec, with 16 (67%) of them above 15 cm/sec. Among the 18 patients with benign tumors, color Doppler signals could be detected in 7 (39%). The maximum flow velocity varied from 3 to 30 cm/sec but was over 15 cm/sec in only two patients (28%). Histological studies revealed that color Doppler signals detected by Doppler sonography correlated with disordered neovascularization penetrating the lesion from its periphery, consisting of thin-walled blood vessels and large arteriovenous shunts. Although large tumors tend to have high Doppler flow, there is no significant correlation between the maximum flow velocity and tumor size. There is also no significant correlation between the detection of high flow color Doppler signals and the age, receptor status, tumor size, lymph node metastases, or clinical stage of patients with breast cancer. However, there is a positive association (p < 0.05) between nodal metastases and higher tumor flow velocity in T1 ( 2 cm) breast tumors, but not in larger tumors. It is concluded that color Doppler is useful in the assessment of tumor vascularity but is of limited value in the differentiation of benign from malignant lesions. However, the presence of color Doppler signals in Tl breast cancer suggesting early dissemination of the cancer might be of important clinical significance in detecting those small, apparently early, but aggressive tumors with poor prognosis.     

The possible role of TNF-α and IL-2 in inducing tumor-associated metabolic alterations

This study was conducted to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in inducing cancer cachexia, and the results were compared with those obtained from our previous study on Fisher 344 rats with methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma. Three groups of male Fisher 344 rats received one of the following regimens: 4×10⁴ IU of human recombinant TNF- per rat per day subcutaneously (sc) for 5 consecutive days (n=5), 3.5×10⁵ U human recombinant IL-2 per rat per day sc for 14 consecutive days (n=5), or normal saline (n=5). The activities of both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and malic enzyme (ME) were increased slightly in the IL-2 group. Furthermore, LPL activity was significantly increased in the adipose tissue of the TNF group and in the cardiac muscle of the IL-2 group, but not in that of the TNF group. These results show that there is a significant difference between the metabolic alterations seen in the tumor-bearing state and those induced by either TNF- or IL-2 alone. Thus, it is unlikely that IL-2 or TNF- is the sole mediator of cancer cachexia in this tumor and rat model.