肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征随访调查

目的：观察肺表面活性物质（PS）治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）的疗效及其对患儿体格发育和肺功能的影响。方法：将160例NRDS患儿根据是否应用Ps治疗分为观察组120例和对照组40例。两组采用相同常规药物及呼吸机治疗，观察组在此基础上加用Ps治疗。两组分别于生后3、6、9个月和1、2、6岁进行体格发育随访，于6岁时检测肺功能，并将随访结果进行比较。结果：（1）观察组平均呼吸机使用时间和平均住院时间分别为（46．5±13．2）h和（26．8±12．5）d，对照组分别为（69．8±27．7）h和（42．6±18．2）d，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）生后3个月观察组平均身高、体重、头围分别为（57．2±2．6）cm、（4．76±0．45）kg、（38．6±1．3）cm，对照组分别为（56．1±2．4）cm、（4．35±O．37）kg、（38．1±1．6）cm，两组比较差异有统计学意义（t分别为2．36、2．78、2．81，P均〈0．05）；但该三项在患儿出生6个月以后的随访结果组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。（3）观察组有26例、对照组有16例出现反复呼吸道感染，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）6岁时观察组最大呼气中段流量为（1．6±0．3）L／s，对照组为（1．4±0．2）L／s，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：Ps治疗NRDS可缩短患儿呼吸机使用时间和住院时间，改善早期体格发育和肺功能，是提高NRDS患儿生存质量的有效方法。     

Adjuvanting an inactivated influenza vaccine with conjugated R848 improves the level of antibody present at 6 months in a nonhuman primate neonate model

Generation of a potent antibody response that can be sustained over time is highly challenging in young infants. Our previous studies using a nursery-reared nonhuman primate model identified R848 conjugated to inactivated influenza virus as a highly immunogenic vaccine for neonates. Here we determined the effectiveness of this vaccine in mother-reared infants as well as its ability to promote improved responses at 6 months compared to vaccination in the absence of R848. In agreement with our nursery study, R848 conjugated to influenza virus induced a higher antibody response in neonates compared to the non-adjuvanted vaccine. Further, the increase in the response relative to that induced by the non-adjuvanted vaccine was maintained at 6 months suggesting the increased antibody secreting cells that resulted from inclusion of conjugated R848 production were capable of surviving long term. There was no significant difference in quality of antibody (i.e. neutralization or affinity), suggesting the beneficial effect of conjugated R848 during vaccination of neonates with inactivated influenza virus is likely manifest during the early generation of antibody secreting cells.     

Maternal determinants of renal mass and function in the fetus and neonate

The impact of adverse maternal and early gestational issues, ranging from maternal–fetal interactions all the way through to premature birth, are recognized as having influence on the subsequent development of chronic diseases later in life. The development of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a direct result of early life renal injury or a sequela of diseases such as hypertension or diabetes is a good model example of the potential impact that early life events may have on renal development and lifelong function. The global monetary and human resource cost of CKD is exorbitant. Socio-economic factors, along with other factors (genetic and environmental) may significantly influence the timing and display of phenotypic expression in fetuses and neonates at risk for developing CKD, yet very few of these factors are studied or well understood. In general our focus has been directed at treatment once CKD is established. This strategy has been and remains short-sighted and costly. Earlier understanding of the intrauterine determinants of renal mass development (i.e. environmental “biomes”, poor maternal–fetal health, socio-economic factors impacting early life events, diet, access to value based health care and educational opportunities on disease evolution) may allow us an opportunity for earlier intervention. This article aims to provide some foundation for improved understanding of the maternal determinants of renal mass and function in the fetus and neonate.     

基于二孩政策的活产儿出生顺序与早产及低出生体质量关系研究

目的 探讨活产儿出生顺序与早产及低出生体质量的关系, 为提高人口出生质量提供参考。方法 选取2013年在某市妇幼保健院分娩的所有单胎活产儿为研究对象, 资料收集于新生儿出生医学信息登记系统。结果 活产儿出生顺序在1～8之间(1.4±0.6), 出生顺序为1占65.9%(4 055/6 151), 出生顺序为2占29.8%(1 835/6 151), 出生顺序为3及以上占4.2%(261/6 151)。出生顺序为1、2、3及以上的活产儿的早产检出率分别为8.2%、14.1%和27.2%(趋势χ²=113.620, P<0.05), 低出生体质量检出率分别为6.2%、11.1%和26.8%(趋势χ²=132.228, P<0.05)。控制产妇年龄、文化程度及户口所在地后多因素分析显示, 出生顺序为2、3及以上的活产儿出现早产的危险性分别是出生顺序1的1.546倍和3.186倍, 出现低出生体质量的危险性分别是出生顺序1的1.991倍和5.530倍。结论 高出生顺序为早产及低出生体质量发生的高危因素。     

Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Colistin in Neonates With Culture Proven Sepsis

Background:

Although it is well described among adults, intravenous colistin use and its associated toxicities in newborns are poorly understood.

Objectives:

We present our experience of efficacy and safety of intravenous colistin in the treatment of sepsis in term and preterm neonates.

Patients and Methods:

The records of neonates who received colistin between January 2013 and February 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. All neonates with culture proven nosocomial infections due to multidrug resistant organisms and treated continuously with colistin for more than 72 hours were included in the study.

Results:

Patients were evaluated for clinical and microbiological response to the drug and its and side effects. Twelve newborn infants with mean 31.8 ± 3.5 weeks gestational age and median 1482 (810 - 3200) gram birth weight were included. 11/12 (91.7%) patients showed microbiological clearance with intravenous colistin. One patient who had recurrent cerebrospinal fluid positive culture was treated with intraventricular colistin. The major side effects observed was hyponatremia and hypokalemia in 2 (16.6%) patients, all infants required magnesium supplementation.

Conclusions:

Intravenous colistin administration appears to be safe and efficacious for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections in neonates, including preterm infants. However, we believe that large prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in neonates.     

大肠杆菌K1穿越血脑屏障机制研究进展

新生儿化脓性脑膜炎是一种危重的中枢神经系统感染性疾病.大肠杆菌K1菌株(Escherichia coli K1,Ecoli K1)是常见的导致新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的革兰阴性菌,大部分大肠杆菌脑膜炎是血源性传播所导致,其穿过血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier,BBB)的机制一直是研究的重点.相关研究表明,Ecoli K1穿越BBB与高水平菌血症、对脑微血管内皮细胞的侵袭、受体介导的胞吞转运、活菌穿越BBB密切相关.该文从上述四个方面对E.coli K1穿过BBB进入大脑引起新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的发病机制进行综述.     

高风险初产妇妊娠期糖尿病的筛查对新生儿的影响

目的:研究高风险初产妇妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的筛查对妊娠结局和新生儿的影响.方法:选取2011年1月～ 2014年2月期间来该院进行产前检查并建档的300例高风险的初产妇作为研究对象,均在妊娠24～28周接受50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(GCT)和75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),并定期复查血糖.根据血糖水平将300例产妇分为观察组231例和对照组69例,比较两组产妇的剖宫产率、不良反应和并发症的发生率;比较两组新生儿的1 min和5 min Apgar评分;比较两组围产儿的并发症发生率.结果:观察组产妇的剖宫产率9.96％,不良反应发生率4.76％,并发症发生率4.33％;对照组产妇剖宫产率24.64％,不良反应发生率13.04％,并发症发生率15.94％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).观察组新生儿1 min Apgar评分(9.5±0.2)分,围产儿并发症发生率4.33％;对照组新生儿1 min Apgar评分(9.0±0.3)分,围产儿并发症发生率14.71％,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组新生儿的5min Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:高风险产妇GDM的筛查对改善妊娠结局和新生儿的预后意义重大.     

新生儿脑电生理监测分级管理专家共识北大核心CSCD

美国临床神经生理学协会已经发表了新生儿脑电图监测指南,中国也发表了新生儿振幅整合脑电图(amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram,aEEG)专家共识。由于缺乏脑电监测设备和专业解读人员,不同级别的新生儿病房很难严格按照指南或共识进行脑电监测。中华医学会儿科学分会新生儿学组成立了由新生儿、儿童神经和神经电生理专业人员组成的专家组对已经发表的指南和专家共识及相关领域的文献进行审查,建立了适用于不同级别新生儿病房脑电监测的分层管理建议。基于视频脑电图和aEEG特点,根据当地医疗资源和患儿疾病特征,专家组认为视频脑电图和aEEG可以互相补充应用,适用于不同级别的新生儿病房。该共识对促进新生儿、儿童神经和神经电生理专业人员之间的合作和远程脑电监测实施提出了建议。     

围生期常用治疗对子代神经发育影响的研究进展北大核心CSCD

围生期是子代大脑及中枢神经发育的关键时期,此期内发生的不同事件都会对子代大脑的发育进程有着深远影响。糖皮质激素、抗生素、硫酸镁、咖啡因、肺表面活性物质及亚低温治疗等是围生期的常见治疗药物及手段,与新生儿的神经发育预后有着密切关系。该文总结近年围生期治疗对新生儿神经发育影响的最新研究进展,为临床决策提供参考。     

功能性超声心动图参数在新生儿脓毒症休克中的临床应用价值

目的 探讨功能性超声心动图参数在新生儿脓毒症休克中的临床应用价值。 方法 纳入72例脓毒症休克新生儿,根据脓毒症休克评分最高值,分为非难治性组（42例）与难治性组（30例）,比较2组患儿临床资料、实验室检查结果、功能性超声心动图参数等资料,采用受试者工作特征曲线评价功能性超声心动图参数对脓毒症休克新生儿死亡的预测效能。 结果 难治性组患儿心输出量和心脏指数（cardiac index,CI）低于非难治性组,而平均动脉压与CI比值（mean arterial pressure to cardiac index ratio,MAP/CI）高于非难治性组（均P<0.05）。CI与MAP/CI对脓毒症休克相关死亡的预测界值分别为2.6 L/(min·m²)（灵敏度为79%,特异度为83%,曲线下面积为0.841,P<0.05）和11.4（灵敏度为83%,特异度为73%,曲线下面积为0.769,P<0.05）;CI对脓毒症休克新生儿28 d内全因死亡的预测界值为2.9 L/(min·m²),灵敏度和特异度均为69%,曲线下面积为0.717（P<0.05）。 结论 CI与MAP/CI有助于临床医生早期预测脓毒症休克新生儿的死亡。