Preliminary experience with the 1.32 μm neodymium-YAG laser in the treatment of tracheobronchial malignancy

Endoscopic laser treatment for tracheobronchial malignancy is usually given with the neodymium-YAG laser using the 1.064m output beam. However, recent experimental work suggests that the 1.32m output beam of this laser has more desirable tissue effects. We have now treated 55 patients with the 1.32m Nd-YAG laser (MBB-Medizintechnic) under general anaesthesia, using power settings of 10–20 W and pulse durations of up to 1 s. The indications for treatment were localized airway obstruction in each case. Airway calibre was improved in 46 (84%) patients and this was associated with an improvement in symptoms of cough and breathlessness. Patients with tracheal and carinal obstruction exhibited the most striking clinical improvements with up to four-fold increases in peak expiratory flow. In patients with more peripheral endobronchial obstruction, treatment improved airway calibre less frequently and resulted in a smaller clinical improvement. Of 11 patients with obstruction of a main bronchus and lung collapse, treatment led to partial or complete re-expansion in 10 cases (91%). The 1.32m wavelength allows treatment to be conducted efficiently and safely but at a considerably lower power than is required for the 1.064mwavelength. The ability to use low powers has the apparent advantage of generating only negligible quantities of smoke. Our experience with this new laser system demonstrates its considerable potential in the management of tracheobronchial malignancy.     

纤维支气管镜诊断儿童支气管结核的研究

目的　探讨儿童支气管结核 (EBTB)的纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )诊断及分型。方法　回顾性总结、分析临床治疗不顺利的肺结核或可疑肺结核的住院患儿 110例 ,均经纤支镜诊查 ,归纳EBTB病变在纤支镜下表现 ,并分型为 :粘膜型、干酪型、管腔型和混合型。 110例均摄胸部X线片 (其中做胸部CT检查 6 2例 ) ,追踪临床诊疗过程和最终诊断 ,以验证纤支镜诊断。再评估纤支镜在儿童EBTB诊查中的作用 ,提出EBTB诊断标准。结果　纤支镜诊断 10 8例EBTB ,其中混合型 78例、粘膜型 18例、管腔型 9例、干酪型 3例。临床合并各型儿童肺结核 91例。在纤支镜确诊的 17例EBTB中 ,胸部X线片均未提供特异性结核证据 ,气道分泌物结核菌阳性 15例。本文结核菌阳性率为 5 3%。结论　儿童EBTB并非少见 ,其诊断在临床有重要意义 ;儿童EBTB可以原发 ;本文试行的儿童EBTB分型方法简便易行。纤支镜是诊断EBTB的必需工具。     

纤支镜刷检常见肺癌各型癌细胞形态特征的探讨

 本文选择病理、刷检和痰脱落细胞检查皆为阳性的肺癌患者142例（鳞癌62例，腺癌18例未分化小细胞癌59例）。以病理分型为标准，对刷检、痰检中同类型癌细胞，在排列方式、细胞浆嗜色、细胞大小、细胞核畸形程度和染色质结构等方面进行对比，探讨刷检癌细胞的形态特征。     

不同体位支气管镜检查的麻醉中气道通畅性的随机对照研究

目的对坐位及仰卧位支气管镜检查麻醉中气道通畅性进行研究。方法选取48例行不插管全麻下支气管镜检查的患者随机分为两组。其中24例行坐位下支气管镜检查,24例行仰卧位支气管镜检查,观察两组患者检查过程中气道的通畅性及生命体征变化。结果坐位支气管镜检查过程中到达隆突的平均时间更短,气道通畅性更好。外周血氧饱和度(Sp O2)降低、平均动脉压(MAP)升高和烦躁的发生率明显低于仰卧位。结论支气管镜检查麻醉可减轻患者不适感与恐惧感,但传统的仰卧位气管镜检查时麻醉可引起舌后坠,咽喉部塌陷、软腭和声带相关的重力可能造成上呼吸道的阻塞,不但给检查带来不便,同时也增加了相应的气道相关性风险及血流动力学不稳定,而坐位支气管镜检查可以通过保证气道通畅性,维持更为稳定的血流动力学状态,使该体位在支气管镜麻醉镇静中的应用更安全,更方便。     

Utility of Flexible Bronchoscopy in the Evaluation of Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Population – A Single Center Fourteen Year Experience

IntroductionPulmonary infiltrates are common within the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) population and unfortunately portend an increased mortality. Bronchoscopy is often utilized as an initial diagnostic tool, but the literature supporting its diagnostic utility and effect on clinical management varies significantly. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic ability, complication rate, and clinical impact of flexible bronchoscopy (FB) in evaluating pulmonary infiltrates in a large HSCT population.Patients and methodRetrospective review of all patients undergoing FB after HSCT in the Bone Marrow Transplant Unit from 1996 to 2009.ResultsFB was performed 162 times in 144 patients with pulmonary infiltrates yielding positive results in 52.5%. The most common positive results were bacterial pneumonia (31%), fungal pneumonia (15%), and alveolar hemorrhage (11%). Treatment changes occurred in 44% of patients after FB. Treatment changes included antibiotic modification (59%), addition of corticosteroids (21%), antifungal modification (12%), and antiviral modification (7%). The overall complication rate associated with FB was 30%, although 84% of these complications were considered minor.ConclusionsFB in patients with pulmonary infiltrates after HSCT should still be considered a valuable tool in the evaluation and management of pulmonary infiltrates in the HSCT population. Future prospective, multicenter randomized studies are needed to evaluate the overall clinical impact that bronchoscopic results and management changes have in this unique population.     

经支气管镜激光烧灼治疗呼吸道阻塞性病变患者的护理

目的探讨经支气管镜Nd-YAG激光烧灼治疗呼吸道阻塞性病变患者的护理方法。方法回顾性分析并总结2003年5月至2011年8月解放军第401医院呼吸内科收治的67例经支气管镜激光烧灼治疗呼吸道阻塞性病变患者的临床资料。结果经支气管镜激光烧灼治疗,本组48例恶性肿瘤患者中,19例患者肿瘤部分缩小或脱落,达到呼吸道开通1/3～1/2以上的疗效;7例气管支气管肉芽肿患者中,1例外伤性患者及1例气管切开性肉芽组织增生患者达治愈标准,其余5例患者治疗效果为有效;5例放射损伤性坏死物阻塞呼吸道患者,治疗结果均为有效;7例支气管息肉性良性肿瘤患者,Nd-YAG激光烧灼治疗均达治愈标准。结论 Nd-YAG激光烧灼气管和支气管内阻塞性病变患者,能够迅速缓解呼吸道阻塞症状,具有安全有效和损伤小的优点。术前充分的黏膜麻醉、护士在操作中的密切配合、细致观察是治疗顺利进行的重要保证。     

淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核的临床分析

目的探讨淋巴结瘘型气管支气管结核(TBTB,Ⅵ型)好发人群、临床症状、影像学表现、纤支镜下表现及转归。方法分析65例TBTB(Ⅵ型)患者,总结临床症状、影像学表现、纤支镜下的表现及转归。结果 (1)好发于年轻人(20~35岁)(75.3%)。(2)入院前平均病程4月,主要症状为咳嗽、咳痰、发热、胸痛等。(3)影像学表现:肺膨胀不全,肺门影增大,气道软组织影等。(4)好发部位:左上支气管、隆突及双侧主支气管、左下支气管、右上支气管、中叶支气管。结论 (1)TBTB(Ⅵ型)症状、影像学特征不典型。(2)患者需随访纤支镜及胸部CT至气道及纵隔内病变完全吸收后方可停药,以免复发。     

不同消毒灭菌方案对纤维支气管镜活检钳的消毒效果分析

目的：探讨不同灭菌方案对纤维支气管镜活检钳的消毒效果。方法：对环氧乙烷消毒、戊二醛浸泡消毒及高压蒸汽灭菌3种消毒灭菌方案对纤维支气管镜活检钳的灭菌合格率、污染率和使用年限进行效果比较。结果：环氧乙烷消毒法的合格率高于戊二醛浸泡消毒和高压蒸汽灭菌消毒法,且污染率也显著低于另外两组,器械使用寿命显著延长。结论：低温环氧乙烷灭菌法对纤维支气管镜活检钳的灭菌效果好,且污染率较低,使用寿命更长。