增殖细胞核抗原指数监测激素替代治疗子宫内膜的变化

目的：了解核分裂率与增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）指数两项指标在监测子宫内膜变化中的作用。方法：选择正常月经周期内增殖期,分泌期,绝经后子宫内膜;观察接受周期性激素替代治疗后子宫内膜中两项指标的变化。结果：显示PCNA指数可敏感,可靠的反映月经周期内子宫内膜的变化。同时也能够反映激素替代治疗中,加用孕激素不同时间子宫内膜的增殖与抑制变化。结论：（1）PCNA指数可反映子宫内膜的增殖与抑制情况。（2）PCNA指数可用于激素替代治疗中对子宫内膜的监测。     

An update on atypical large glandular proliferations of the prostate

The differential diagnosis of prostatic atypical large gland proliferations includes several benign and malignant entities. This review focusses on issues relevant to the practising pathologist, particularly around areas of controversy such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDCP). HGPIN is a putative precursor of prostate cancer, but its clinical relevance is as a surrogate marker of unsampled prostate cancer, thereby identifying patients who would benefit from a prompt repeat biopsy. The incidence of missed prostate cancer is much lower in contemporary practice due to pre-biopsy MRI and extended sampling protocols so HGPIN is currently less important. It is however important to distinguish HGPIN from PIN-like carcinoma and IDCP. PIN-like carcinoma is considered a histological subtype/variant of acinar prostate carcinoma and should be graded as Gleason pattern 3. A diagnosis of cribriform HGPIN should not be made in needle biopsies as such a proliferation may represent IDCP. This review discusses controversies related to the diagnosis, reporting and management of IDCP. A personalized approach to management of patients with isolated IDCP in needle biopsies that is based on the histological and radiological features of an individual case is outlined.     

Esophageal adenocarcinoma after sleeve gastrectomy: actual or potential threat? Italian series and literature review

BackgroundSleeve gastrectomy (SG) leads to esophageal mucosal damage in an elevated percentage of cases, configuring a clinical condition of Barrett’s esophagus (BE) in a proportion as high as 15–18.8%. BE may rarely evolve into esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC).ObjectivesTo raise awareness of BE as a precancerous lesion which may progress toward malignancy after this popular bariatric procedure.SettingBariatric referral centers, Italy.MethodsAll patients referred to our bariatric center who developed an EAC after SG between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed and consecutively included in this study. The available scientific literature regarding this complication is additionally reviewed.ResultsThe 3 male patients comprised in this case series underwent laparoscopic SG between 2012 and 2015 in different bariatric referral centers. Age and body mass index at baseline ranged from 21–54 years and 43.1–75.6 kg/m², respectively. All patients were lost to follow-up early after surgery (3.7 ± 1.4 months), and were diagnosed with EAC at a mean of 27.3 ± 7.6 months after SG. The 4 reported cases in the scientific literature developed an EAC at a mean of 32.5 ± 23 months from SG. Overall, a diagnosis of EAC was made approximately 30.3 ± 17.1 months postoperatively, which seems relatively and worryingly early after surgery.ConclusionAlthough the rate and probability of progression from BE to EAC is still not well defined, assuming that the rising popularity and execution of SG leads to a growth in the BE incidence, then the preoperative identification and stratification of cancer risk factors in this subset of patients is strongly encouraged. Clinical and endoscopic follow-ups are essential to allow for prevention and early diagnosis and for epidemiologic data collection purposes.     

子宫内膜异位症不孕并发内膜息肉的病理特征及手术后复发分析

目的:分析子宫内膜异位症(EM)不孕患者发生内膜息肉情况及病理特征。方法:收集本院2016年1月-2017年1月收治的不孕患者,EM 67例为观察组,非EM 82例为对照组,比较两组内膜息肉发生率,观察组r-AFS不同分期内膜息肉发生率、治疗后临床妊娠率,分析发生内膜息肉的病理特征。结果:观察组内膜息肉发生率(31.3%)及息肉复发率(11.9%)高于对照组(12.2%、2.4%)(P<0.05);观察组EMⅠ期患者内膜息肉发生率17.7%、无复发,Ⅱ期内膜息肉发生率32.0%、复发率8.0%,Ⅲ期内膜息肉发生率40.0%、复发率20.0%,Ⅳ期内膜息肉发生率40.0%、复发率30.0%,各期发生率及复发率比较无差异(P>0.05);卵巢型内膜息肉发生率25.0%、复发率10.0%,腹膜型内膜息肉发生率29.0%、复发率9.7%,DIE型内膜息肉发生率43.8%、复发率18.8%,EM不同病理类型内膜息肉发生率及复发率无差异(P>0.05)。结论:EM不孕患者发生内膜息肉几率较大,及时手术切除息肉可提高妊娠率,临床应及早诊断和治疗。     

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against thrombomodulin suppress the cell growth of lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549

Thrombomodulin (TM), an anticoagulant factor on endothelial cells, is known to be expressed in non-endothelial cells as well. In neoplastic cells of lung adenocarcinomas, TM is expressed but its correlation with growth potential has not been studied. As TM expression has a negative correlation with cell proliferation in lung squamous cell carcinomas, we examined its growth effect on lung adenocarcinoma cells of the A549 cell line by inhibiting TM expression with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN). In the antisense ODN transfected cells, the expression of TM mRNA was decreased to 49% at 12 h and 47% at 24 h, which was in accordance with TM expression at the protein level. By IdU (5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation assay, the growth of A549 cells was found to have decreased to 36% of the control level at 24 h post-transfection. The suppression of cell growth was maintained in a concentration-dependent manner for 48 h after transfection, when the expression of TM started to rebound. In the transfected cells, the G1 phase cell count was reduced to 60.7%, compared with 68.2% in the control transfectants. These results suggest that TM expression may play a suppressive role in the proliferation activity of A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells.     

Blue dye single labelling for colorimetric sentinel lymph node mapping in early endometrial cancer: A feasibility study

BackgroundSurgical staging in endometrial cancer includes a systematic lymphadenectomy with significant morbidity, although its therapeutic role is unclear. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) study is a less morbid alternative to identify nodes most likely to be metastatic, permitting selective removal and thus reducing morbidity without compromising oncological safety. This study was done using blue dye single labelling to study the feasibility and utility in identifying SLN in early disease.MethodsTwenty-two patients of early-stage low-risk disease during surgical staging underwent cervical injection of methylene blue, SLN mapping, and sampling as per the standard algorithm, followed by a systematic lymphadenectomy in all cases. SLN were submitted separately for ultrastaging (US).ResultsTwenty patients underwent the procedure, and SLN could be identified in 18 patients with an overall mapping rate of 90% with a bilateral mapping rate of 70%, and a negative mapping rate of 10%. 57 SLN were identified along with two suspicious non-sentinel nodes and 11 were metastatic on US with a sensitivity of 66.7% and NPV of 87.5%. All patients with metastatic nodes, however, could be identified by applying the standard SLN algorithm for sampling.ConclusionSLN mapping algorithm with blue dye single labelling in early endometrial cancer, by identifying LN most likely to be metastatic enabling their selective removal may help avoid routine lymphadenectomies without compromising oncological safety. The procedure is simple and can be practiced at all centres and can also aid pathologists by pinpointing the likely metastatic nodes after a selective or complete lymphadenectomy.