Social cognition and social problem solving abilities in individuals with alcohol use disorder

Background: Up to now, little is known about higher order cognitive abilities like social cognition and social problem solving abilities in alcohol-dependent patients. However, impairments in these domains lead to an increased probability for relapse and are thus highly relevant in treatment contexts. Method: This cross-sectional study assessed distinct aspects of social cognition and social problem solving in 31 hospitalized patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and 30 matched healthy controls (HC). Three ecologically valid scenario-based tests were used to gauge the ability to infer the mental state of story characters in complicated interpersonal situations, the capacity to select the best problem solving strategy among other less optimal alternatives, and the ability to freely generate appropriate strategies to handle difficult interpersonal conflicts. Standardized tests were used to assess executive function, attention, trait empathy, and memory, and correlations were computed between measures of executive function, attention, trait empathy, and tests of social problem solving. Results: AUD patients generated significantly fewer socially sensitive and practically effective solutions for problematic interpersonal situations than the HC group. Furthermore, patients performed significantly worse when asked to select the best alternative among a list of presented alternatives for scenarios containing sarcastic remarks and had significantly more problems to interpret sarcastic remarks in difficult interpersonal situations.

Conclusions: These specific patterns of impairments should be considered in treatment programs addressing impaired social skills in individuals with AUD.     

Cognitive and emotional empathy in typical and impaired readers and its relationship to reading competence

Studies indicate a strong relationship between empathy and language skills, but the relationship between reading and empathy remains elusive, although a shared neural substrate (the temporoparietal junction; TPJ) has been implicated in both reading and empathy. Motivated by these observations, the purpose of the current study was to examine empathic skills in a large spectrum of reading abilities, including typical readers and individuals with dyslexia, and their relationship to reading competence. We administered the Intrapersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) test, which differentiates between two subscales of empathy (cognitive and emotional empathy), to a group of participants with dyslexia and typical readers. Results indicate that the general reading score (average z scores of all reading tests) was significantly positively correlated with empathic scores. In addition, tests of specific reading abilities—decoding, reading fluency, and reading-related measures of phonological awareness—were significantly positively correlated with empathic scores. Finally, participants with dyslexia who showed low reading abilities had significantly lower scores in total empathy and cognitive empathy, as measured by the IRI test, than did typical participants with high reading abilities. Taken together, these results indicate a strong association between reading-related skills and empathic abilities and may point to involvement of the TPJ in both empathy and reading.     

2017年度参加全国生物剂量估算能力考核结果分析

目的 通过对2017年参加全国生物剂量估算能力考核总结分析,提高该项工作的专业技术能力。方法 根据《2017年度生物剂量估算能力考核方案》,进行受照后的培养、制片、分析染色体的非稳定性畸变,统计染色体非稳定性畸变数量（dic+r）,应用国家标准上的曲线Y=7.3512×10^-3+3.4037×10^-2D+8.0398×10^-2 D²估算剂量。结果 样本05-1平均值是3.62Gy,95%的可信区间是（3.32~3.90）Gy,相对偏差为0.56%;样本05-2平均值是2.37 Gy,95%的可信区间是（2.19~2.54）Gy,相对偏差为7.73%,两样品相对偏差均<20%,综合判定本实验室生物剂量能力估算结果为合格。结论 本实验室能满足生物剂量工作需要,但仍然需要加强质量控制,规范操作,不断总结分析,建立本实验室生物剂量曲线,减少系统误差,使结果更加准确可靠,为核与辐射事故的临床救治及监督管理提供科学依据。     

Empathy and motivation for justice: Cognitive empathy and concern,but not emotional empathy,predict sensitivity to injustice for others

Why do people tend to care for upholding principles of justice? This study examined the association between individual differences in the affective, motivational and cognitive components of empathy, sensitivity to justice, and psychopathy in participants (N 265) who were also asked to rate the permissibility of everyday moral situations that pit personal benefit against moral standards of justice. Counter to common sense, emotional empathy was not associated with sensitivity to injustice for others. Rather, individual differences in cognitive empathy and empathic concern predicted sensitivity to justice for others, as well as the endorsement of moral rules. Psychopathy coldheartedness scores were inversely associated with motivation for justice. Moreover, hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis revealed that self-focused and other-focused orientations toward justice had opposing influences on the permissibility of moral judgments. High scores on psychopathy were associated with less moral condemnation of immoral behavior. Together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the information processing mechanisms underlying justice motivation, and may guide interventions designed to foster justice and moral behavior. In order to promote justice motivation, it may be more effective to encourage perspective taking and reasoning than emphasizing emotional sharing with the misfortune of others.     

297名助产士共情能力调查分析

目的 调查助产士共情能力现状并分析助产士共情能力的影响因素。方法 本研究采用滚雪球抽样的方法,通过问卷星进行网络调查。在2019年3—5月将自行设计的一般情况调查问卷和杰弗逊共情量表中文版制成问卷星电子调查问卷,发放到中华助产士专科培训微信群,并请求群成员将问卷转发至自己所在医院的产房助产士群,对全国25个省市80余家医院的297名助产士进行了调查。结果 助产士共情能力总分为（113.90±13.13）分,得分率均值为81.36%,各维度得分率均值由高到低依次为观点采择维度（82.36%）,情感护理维度（80.64%）,换位思考维度（79.67%）。参加过共情相关培训的助产士共情能力高于未参加培训者,对工作满意度高的助产士共情能力高于对工作不满意者和持一般态度者（P<0.05）。结论 助产士共情能力处于中等偏上水平,观点采择维度得分最高,换位思考维度得分最低,提示管理者可着重在换位思考角度加强对助产士共情能力的培训,同时采取多种措施提高助产士的工作满意度,以提高其共情能力。     

早期综合康复措施对重型颅脑损伤患者意识复苏和生活能力的影响

目的观察早期综合康复措施对重型颅脑损伤患者意识复苏和生活能力的影响.方法将60例无手术适应证的重型颅脑损伤患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例.对照组按常规治疗护理,观察组结合早期康复护理、高压氧、激光等综合措施.2组患者在入院时和30 d行GCS评分及Barthel指数评分.结果入院后30 d观察组GCS评分及Barthel指数评分明显高于对照组（P＜0.01）.结论采用早期综合康复模式能促进重型颅脑损伤患者意识复苏和生活能力的提高.     

Abilities and barriers to practicing evidence-based nursing for burn specialist nurses

Objective

To explore the abilities and barriers of practicing evidence-based nursing (EBN) for burn specialist nurses so as to provide rationales for its clinical training and practice.

Emotional intelligence as a mediator between attachment security and empathy in pre-clinical medical students: A multi-center cross-sectional study

ObjectiveTo explore the association of emotional intelligence (EI) and attachment security (AS) with empathy dimensions in medical students by examining the mediating role of EI.MethodsIn a cross-sectional design, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), and demographic questions were administrated to second-year medical students of two medical schools in Northern Italy.Results253 medical students (56.13% female), aged 19–29, participated in this study. AS positively correlated to Empathic Concern (r = 0.17, p = 0.008) and Perspective Taking (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and negatively to Personal Distress (r = ?0.33, p < 0.001). Individuals with the same level of AS and a higher score on EQ-i had a higher score (β = 0.072, p = 0.033) on empathy latent factor (at the basis of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking) and a lower score (β = ?0.290, p < 0.001) on Personal Distress than those with a lower EQ-i score.ConclusionThis study shows that EI completely mediated the relationship between AS and empathy dimensions among medical students.Practice implicationsEI training and workshop should be considered when designing educational interventions and programs to enhance empathy and decrease interpersonal distress in medical students.     

Convergent Validity and Responsiveness of the SULCS

Objective

To evaluate the convergent validity and responsiveness of the Stroke Upper Limb Capacity Scale (SULCS) in comparison to the Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT), the Box and Blocks Test (BBT), and the upper limb Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). The SULCS is a relatively new measure that was designed to be easier to score and less time consuming than some existing measures.

脑卒中失能老年人中后期ADL能力及辅助器具使用现状调查

目的 调查脑卒中失能老年人对生活辅助器具使用现状,为开展针对性的健康教育提供参考依据.方法 采用自行编制的调查问卷对88例脑卒中患者进行调查,了解患者对生活辅助器具的使用知识、危险因素、缺乏自理能力时的应对方式等方面的掌握情况.结果 失能老人对生活辅助器具的规范化使用需求较高,ADL得分前3位为转移、行走、上下楼梯,后3位为穿衣、进食、修饰.使用辅助器具者66例,占75%,其中大多数老年人缺乏生活辅助器具的规范化使用指导;不使用辅助器具者仅22例,占25%,仅5例下肢肌力正常,可自行移动.结论 医护人员应根据失能老人对生活辅助器具的认识误区,采取针对性的健康教育,提高失能老人正确使用辅助器具的意识和自理能力.