儿童青少年肥胖的医学营养治疗与HCH管理模式

肥胖已经成为严峻的全球性公共卫生问题。截至2014年,我国7岁以上学龄儿童青少年的超重率为12.2%,肥胖率为7.3%,共有3 496万人。2030年可达5 000万。儿童青少年肥胖的医学营养治疗,包括积极的高危人群筛查,肥胖儿童青少年的饮食、运动、生活方式综合干预等。上海儿童医学中心-上海潍坊社区服务中心医联体门诊采用“医院-社区-家庭(HCH)管理模式”对上海地区儿童青少年肥胖进行医学营养综合治疗,获得良好效果,值得进一步应用推广。     

我国延续性护理在癌痛居家患者中的研究进展

延续性护理对居家癌痛患者的生活质量具有重要作用,本文通过对国内癌痛居家患者开展延续性护理的必要性、具体形式和内容,及其干预后效果评价三方面内容进行综述,以期为构建和完善我国癌痛居家患者的延续性护理模式提供借鉴。     

医疗网络平台服务对青少年人工流产术后选择长效可逆避孕方法的影响

目的探讨通过医疗网络平台实施健康宣教和流产后关爱(post-abortion care,PAC)服务对青少年人工流产术后选择长效可逆避孕方法(long-acting reversible contraception,LARC)避孕的影响。方法选取2018年7月至2019年6月在四川省妇幼保健院行非意愿妊娠人工流产的年龄≤25岁的青少年,随机分为对照组(实施传统的健康宣教和PAC服务)和观察组(实施医疗网络平台的健康宣教和PAC服务)。观察两组术后随访率、LARC的实施情况以及重复人工流产率。结果观察组术后1月的随访率为97.95%,与对照组(96.92%)相近,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后3月、6月的随访率分别为93.98%、89.18%,明显高于对照组(90.08%、81.25%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组术后即刻、术后1月时LARC的应用率分别为12.45%、13.76%,与对照组(13.00%、13.49%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但术后3月、6月的应用率明显增高,分别为25.10%、28.67%,明显高于对照组(15.18%、17.26%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组半年内重复人工流产率为0.92%,明显低于对照组(3.97%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论实施医疗网络平台服务后术后长期随访率高、重复人工流产率低,且明显提高了术后3月和6月LARC在青少年中的应用率,但目前应用率仍不理想。     

PBL和PACS在医学影像学教学中的应用

目的浅析影像学教学中开展图像存档和传输系统(PACS)与以问题为导向的教学方法(PBL)相结合的教学方式的作用。方法对本院48名医学影像学医学生开展研究,研究时间开始于2018年1月,结束于2019年1月,依据随机数字法将其分成对照组24例与观察组24例,将传统教学模式应用在对照组教学中,将PBL和PACS相结合的授课形式应用在观察组教学中,比较两组理论成绩以及临床实践能力。结果在理论考核项目和临床实践考核得分方面,观察组均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论采用PBL和PACS相结合的授课模式,可有效提升医学影像学教学质量,保障学生更加有效地掌握理论知识以及专业技能。     

Factors Associated with Universal Free School Meal Provision Adoption among US Public Schools

BackgroundThe Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) allows high-poverty schools participating in US Department of Agriculture meal programs to offer universal free school meals. Emerging evidence suggests benefits of CEP for student meal participation, behavior, and academic performance. Although CEP became available nationwide in 2014, in school year 2019–2020, one third of eligible schools were not participating.ObjectiveThis study evaluates which school, district, and state factors are associated with CEP participation.DesignCross-sectional study comparing CEP-participating with eligible nonparticipating schools to assess the relationship between CEP participation and school, district, and state factors.ParticipantsUS public schools eligible for CEP in school year 2017–2018 (n = 42,813).Main Outcome MeasuresCEP participation.Statistical Analyses PerformedPenalized regression variable selection methods to determine which factors contribute information to the model. Generalized logistic regression to predict odds of CEP participation unadjusted and adjusted for each factor in the full sample and in stratified analyses by whether a state was part of the CEP phase-in period (early vs late implementing states).ResultsIn the full sample, adjusted odds of CEP participation were greater in states where CEP had been available longer (odds ratio [OR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34, 1.67). In late implementing states, adjusted odds of CEP participation were higher in schools with more students directly certified for free meals (OR in schools with 80%–89% vs 30%–39% directly certified: 19.32; 95% CI, 12.98, 28.76), Title I schools (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.55, 2.21), and urban schools (OR suburban vs urban, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.36, 0.59). Differences by school level, enrollment, district size, student race/ethnicity, and geographic region also existed.ConclusionsFindings may help advocates, state agencies, and policymakers understand potential barriers to adoption and guide research exploring effective strategies to promote uptake. Future research should use qualitative and longitudinal designs to explore barriers to adoption, including cost and state and local policies.     

Cost of illness study for adult atopic dermatitis in Japan: A cross-sectional Web-based survey

Atopic dermatitis is a pruritic, eczematous dermatitis, the symptoms of which chronically fluctuate with remissions and relapses. Although a high psychosomatic and economic burden caused by atopic dermatitis is expected, few studies have been conducted estimating the cost of illness, including the self-medication costs and productivity loss due to atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional, Web-based survey of the direct medical costs, self-medication costs and productivity loss for adult atopic dermatitis patients, and estimate the burden of Japanese adult atopic dermatitis patients by disease severity. In a physician survey, the medical resource consumption related to medical treatments was surveyed by disease severity. The direct medical costs were calculated by multiplying the medical resource consumption and medical fee corresponding to each treatment. Based on the results of a patient survey, the self-medication costs and productivity loss were estimated by sex and disease severity. Atopic dermatitis-related productivity loss was calculated based on absenteeism, presenteeism, overall work impairment for employed workers and activity impairment for housewives. The nationwide estimations were calculated based on the estimated number of atopic dermatitis patients, employed workers with atopic dermatitis, and housewives with atopic dermatitis in their 20s–50s in Japan. Based on the surveys, all costs per patient and the scores increased with disease severity. The cost of illness for adult atopic dermatitis patients in Japan was estimated to be approximately JPY 3 trillion/year. Considering the physical and mental burdens, the burden of illness for adult atopic dermatitis was demonstrated to be vast.     

Développement d’un réseau nosographique collaboratif

ObjectivesThe use of massive amounts of digital data in mental health offers interesting perspectives that could influence the evolution of psychiatric nosography. The characteristics of this data could become key elements to understand the future organization of knowledge — and debates — in psychiatry. Such an evolution could take different shapes, including the development of a collaborative and networked psychiatric classification.Materials and methodsSeveral issues related to the use of large amounts of data in psychiatry were identified and developed in this context: (1) the growth of new health related data producers and storers, which could influence the development of some research topics or diagnostics to the detriment of others, depending on the availability or profitability of this data; (2) the fact that mental health data is often available in an unstructured form: textual data, like reports of complementary examinations, reports of hospitalization or expertises, but also imageries or videos, from institutional or alternative sources; (3) the need of scalability and flexibility of this data, to make it possible to integrate recent discoveries as well as to take into account the phenomenon of pathomorphosis or cultural factors in psychiatry. A collaborative framework is proposed to answer each of these issues, including the possibility of integration of different data forms, associated with a complete traceability of sources and a nominal registration. The need to structure data is also specified, with the use of tags to modelize diagnostic consensus that include professionals, patients and families. This collaborative tool would make it possible to consider data resulting from perceptions of patients or their families, enabling patients to benefit from a higher level of confidence and engagement, and limiting the deleterious effects of stigmatization.ResultsThe possibilities of a collaborative web tool integrated into the French Shared Medical File (Dossier Medical Partagé) are described, and two examples of practical situations are presented: A mental health professional reporting his influences on the diagnosis of schizophrenia: he integrates the symptoms described by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard (Leonhard classification), cultural references (cinematographic reference like A beautiful mind directed by Ron Howard), and links to articles on medical and psychiatric comorbidities among adults with schizophrenia. In the other example, a psychiatrist uses this tool to develop a collaborative diagnosis that integrated an active participation of the patient around the diagnostic. In France, the latest version of the digital Shared Medical File was launched in November 2018. The integration of a collaborative nosographic tool into this file would be an interesting answer to the difficulties that might happen for its use with patients suffering from mental disorders. It could thus limit the stigmatization of a shared diagnosis and enable a better understanding of practices among mental health professionals.ConclusionThe psychiatrists use specific knowledge resulting from multiple influences and theoretical orientations. The risk of incomprehension of practices in psychiatry by patients and their families being major, nosographic research trying to include the coexistence of these orientations appears necessary. Moreover, in the context of the development of large-scale data processing, it is essential that a collaborative human-scale interpretation of this knowledge exists. This would make the psychiatric nosography an ethical tool, allowing an active participation and dialogue between patients, families and health professionals, that could become key features of future psychiatric nosography.