妊娠急性脂肪肝剖宫产术患者临床护理体会

目的探讨妊娠急性脂肪肝剖宫产术患者围手术期护理特点。方法选择1996年1月至2012年1月本院行剖宫产手术的AFLP患者剖宫产手术围手术期护理经验进行总结。结果共计19例患者纳入研究,平均年龄（27.9±3.5）岁,其中初产妇14例（73.7%）前驱症状为乏力、纳差、恶心、呕吐、黄疸。实验室检查示肝功能异常、凝血功能障碍、白细胞升高、肾功能损伤等。入院后密切进行胎儿监测、对围手术期孕产妇进行心理干预,在术后密切注意产后出血的观察和护理,同时加强产后护理,预防感染等护理措施干预后,产妇死亡2例（10.5%）,无围产儿死亡。结论对妊娠急性脂肪肝围手术期患者采取综合护理措施,对于改善预后起到积极的帮助。     

Severe Thrombocytopenia in an Immune Thrombocytopenic Parturient Non-responder to Medical Line of Treatment: Anaesthetic Management for Splenectomy Combined with Caesarean Section

We report anaesthesia management of a parturient with severe thrombocytopenia secondary to immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Her platelet count remained around 3 × 10⁹/l in spite of optimum medical therapy and hence was posted for splenectomy combined with caesarean section. Anaesthesia implications of severe thrombocytopenia comprises risk of central nervous system bleeding, perioperative haemorrhage causing placental hypoperfusion and foetal hypoxia, risk of trauma to compromised airway and risk of epidural haematoma. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the risk factors associated, different management strategies and also to review the literature in an attempt to ameliorate the anaesthesiologist in perioperative management of these cases.     

Spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section in the presence of respiratory failure and spinal metastases from a soft tissue clear cell sarcoma

Spinal metastases occur in up to 70% of all patients with cancer. However, only 10% are symptomatic. Before considering central neuraxial blockade in patients with malignancy, a history of back pain should be excluded. Anaesthetists should be aware that intrathecal and epidural injections could cause paraplegia if metastases are impinging on the spinal cord. Failure to achieve adequate sensory anaesthesia after central neuraxial blockade or presentation with postoperative paraplegia may indicate the presence of asymptomatic vertebral canal metastases. In this report, the anaesthetic management of a patient with respiratory failure and spinal metastases from a soft tissue sarcoma, requiring caesarean section is described. Sensory anaesthesia extending above a level of imminent cord compression was achieved despite loss of cerebrospinal fluid signal on magnetic resonance imaging.     

Haemodynamic effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment before phenylephrine infusion during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery

BackgroundPhenylephrine given during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery often induces a decrease in heart rate which may decrease cardiac output. Anticholinergic drugs may be given to attenuate this effect but may also cause more labile blood pressure. This study evaluated the effects of glycopyrrolate pre-treatment on non-invasively measured cardiac output and accuracy of blood pressure control.MethodsAt induction of spinal anaesthesia for caesarean delivery, 104 patients randomly received intravenous glycopyrrolate 4 μg/kg or saline placebo. Systolic blood pressure, measured at 1-min intervals, was maintained near baseline using closed-loop feedback computer-controlled phenylephrine infusion with crystalloid cohydration. Cardiac output and stroke volume were measured using suprasternal Doppler ultrasonography at baseline and 5-min intervals for 20 min. Blood pressure control was assessed using performance error calculations.ResultsEleven patients were excluded. Patients who received glycopyrrolate (n = 45) had greater cardiac output over time (P < 0.001), greater heart rate over time (P < 0.001), similar stroke volume over time (P = 0.95), and lower median phenylephrine infusion rate (P = 0.006) compared with control (n = 48). There was no difference in the incidence of hypotension between groups. Analysis of blood pressure control showed greater positive bias, greater inaccuracy and greater wobble in the glycopyrrolate group (all P < 0.05). Neonatal outcome was similar between groups.ConclusionsGlycopyrrolate 4 μg/kg given at the start of a phenylephrine infusion increased heart rate and cardiac output but also decreased accuracy of blood pressure control, increased the incidence of hypertension and caused an increased incidence of dry mouth postoperatively compared with control.     

子宫切口早期妊娠的MRI表现

目的探讨剖宫产术后早期子宫切口瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的MRI表现。方法回顾性分析13例经手术病理证实为早期CSP患者的MRI特征,比较影像特征与病理结果,分析其MRI特点。结果 13例早期CSP于MRI均清楚显示妊娠囊位于子宫下段前壁切口瘢痕处,瘢痕于MR平扫T1WI和T2WI呈低信号。9例妊娠囊呈类圆形囊性病灶,T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈高信号。4例呈不规则团块状病灶,其中3例T1WI呈混杂高、稍高信号,T2WI呈高信号,1例T1WI呈等信号、T2WI呈混杂低信号。7例DWI中,5例妊娠囊DWI呈均匀或不均匀高信号,ADC呈稍低信号;2例妊娠囊DWI呈不均匀低信号,ADC呈高信号。2例增强扫描均可见妊娠囊囊壁呈环形强化。13例病理检查镜下均可见滋养叶细胞、绒毛及蜕膜组织。结论 CSP的MRI具有一定的特征,对临床明确诊断及治疗方法的选择有重要价值。     

Randomized double-blind comparison of ephedrine and phenylephrine for management of post-spinal hypotension in potential fetal compromise

BackgroundMost studies comparing phenylephrine and ephedrine have been conducted during elective caesarean sections in healthy mothers with no fetal compromise. The effect of vasopressors on fetal outcome may differ between healthy and compromised fetuses. There has been little research into the effect of phenylephrine and ephedrine, when used for management of post-spinal hypotension in the presence of potential fetal compromise.MethodsHealthy women with a singleton pregnancy undergoing emergency caesarean section for fetal compromise under spinal anaesthesia were studied. One-hundred-and-six consecutive subjects, who developed hypotension after spinal anaesthesia, were randomly allocated to two groups of 53 each, to receive either phenylephrine (Group P) or ephedrine (Group E). For every systolic blood pressure reading <100 mmHg patients received phenylephrine 100 μg or ephedrine 8 mg depending on group allocation. Umbilical blood gas parameters and Apgar scores were recorded.ResultsThere was no statistically significant difference in umbilical arterial pH (P=0.79), umbilical venous pH (P=0.98), other blood gas parameters, incidence of fetal acidosis (P=1.00) and Apgar scores. The number of hypotensive episodes, vasopressor doses for treatment of the first hypotensive episode and the total number of doses used during the study period were comparable. The median [IQR] total number of doses of phenylephrine and ephedrine used before delivery were 2 [1–2] and 2 [1–2], respectively (P=0.67). More patients receiving ephedrine (24.5%) developed tachycardia than those receiving phenylephrine (3.8%) (P=0.004). Bradycardia was more common with phenylephrine, with 39.6% of patients in Group P as compared to only 1.9% of patients in Group E developing a heart rate <60 beats/min after vasopressor administration (P=0.001).ConclusionsBoth phenylephrine 100 μg and ephedrine 8 mg boluses are equally efficacious when treating post-spinal hypotension in the presence of potential fetal compromise. However, phenylephrine may be a better choice in the presence of maternal tachycardia.     

MRI在子宫疤痕妊娠诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨MRI在子宫疤痕妊娠诊断中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析经临床病理证实的10例剖宫产疤痕妊娠患者的临床及影像学资料。结果10例剖宫产术后子宫疤痕妊娠,MRI均清楚显示妊娠囊位于子宫峡部前壁下段切口疤痕处,妊娠囊向子宫肌层浸润同时向宫腔内生长,局部子宫峡部前壁明显变薄。其中3例妊娠囊为圆形或椭圆形单纯囊状病灶,呈T1WI低信号、T2WI高信号特征,囊壁光滑;7例妊娠囊表现为包块状,形态欠规则, T1WI上呈等低信号,T2WI呈混杂信号,3例妊娠囊内部可见少量积血。结论 MRI检查可以明确妊娠囊的部位、形态、大小、峡部厚度及妊娠囊与周边结构的关系,对剖宫产疤痕妊娠的诊断及治疗方案的选择具有重要价值。     

A mechanistic study of the tremor associated with epidural anaesthesia for intrapartum caesarean delivery

BackgroundIt is not known if the tremor associated with an epidural top-up dose for intrapartum caesarean delivery is thermoregulatory shivering. A tremor is only shivering if it has the same frequency profile as cold stress-induced shivering. Thermoregulatory shivering is a response to a reduction in actual body temperature, whereas non-thermoregulatory shivering may be triggered by a reduction in sensed body temperature. This mechanistic study aimed to compare: 1. the frequency profiles of epidural top-up tremor and cold stress-induced shivering; and 2. body temperature (actual and sensed) before epidural top-up and at the onset of tremor.MethodsTwenty obstetric patients received an epidural top-up for intrapartum caesarean delivery and 20 non-pregnant female volunteers underwent a cold stress. Tremor, surface electromyography, core temperature, skin temperature (seven sites) and temperature sensation votes (a bipolar visual analog score ranging from −50 to +50 mm) were recorded.ResultsThe mean (SD) primary oscillation (9.9 (1.9) Hz) frequency of epidural top-up tremor did not differ from that of cold stress-induced shivering (9.0 (1.6) Hz; P=0.194), but the mean (SD) burst frequency was slower (6.1 (1.2) × 10⁻² Hz vs 6.9 (0.7) × 10⁻² Hz, respectively; P=0.046). Before the epidural top-up dose, the mean (SD) core temperature was 37.6 (0.6) °C. Between the epidural top-up dose and the onset of tremor the mean (SD) core temperature did not change (–0.1 (0.1) °C; P=0.126), the mean (SD) skin temperature increased (+0.4 (0.4) °C; P=0.002) and the mean (SD) temperature sensation votes decreased (−12 (16) mm; P=0.012).ConclusionThese results suggest that epidural top-up tremor is a form of non-thermoregulatory shivering triggered by a reduction in sensed body temperature.     

Prévention de l’hypotension induite par la rachianesthésie au cours de la césarienne programmée : coremplissage par HEA 130/0,4 vs sérum salé isotonique

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of HES 130/0.4 coloading compared to normal saline solution for prevention of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section.Study designProspective, randomized.Patients and methodsOne hundred and twenty ASA I and II patients scheduled for elective caesarean section were recruited. Patients were randomized to receive either 500 mL of HES 130/0.4 (Voluven^®) coloading (Group V) or 500 mL of normal saline solution coloading (Group C). Spinal anesthesia technique and ephedrine administration were standardized in both groups. The primary endpoint was the incidence of maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section.ResultsHypotension occurred in 43 patients in group C and 24 patients in group V (p = 0.001). Ephedrine consumption was significantly lower in group V (P = 0.005). Nausea, vomiting and headache incidence was higher in group C (p = 0.006). Apgar scores and umbilical blood gazes were comparable between groups.ConclusionHES 130/0.4 coload was more effective than normal saline solution to prevent hypotension following spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. HES 130/0.4 coload reduced the incidence, the duration of longest hypotension, the need for ephedrine and the adverse maternal effects.     

复合保温措施对剖宫产产妇围术期低体温和寒战发生的影响

目的 探讨复合保温措施防止剖宫产产妇围术期低体温和寒战发生的作用,为建立围术期患者有效的保温模式提供实验依据.方法 选择健康初产妇120例,将其随机分为对照组（62例）和观察组（58例）,对照组在手术恒温床上施行剖宫产术并采取常规保温方式,观察组在此基础上采取调整手术室温度,静脉输注液、冲洗液和纱布预温,使用强制充气加温毯以及减少身体裸露面积等的复合保温措施;监测产妇入室至手术结束的口腔温度和寒战状况,并进行统计学比较.结果 对照组产妇手术20 min、手术40 min和手术结束时的体温均低于入室时（P＜0.01）,观察组产妇手术20 min、手术40 min和手术结束时的体温与入室时比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,且均分别高于同时间点的对照组（P＜0.05）;对照组的低体温发生率显著高于观察组（51.6％ vs 3.4％,P＜0.01）;两组产妇均未发生3、4级寒战,对照组的1、2级寒战发生率显著高于观察组（22.6％vs 3.4％,P＜0.01）.结论 复合保温措施能有效维持剖宫产产妇围术期体温恒定,预防术中低体温和寒战的发生.