Nasal immunization of mice with Cryptosporidium parvum DNA induces systemic and intestinal immune responses

DNA immunization offers a novel approach to inducing humoral and cellular immunity against infectious pathogens. We examined whether such an approach could be used against cryptosporiodiosis, an intestinal disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. This infection is a major problem for young ruminants and immunosuppressed individuals in whom cryptosporidiosis causes life-threatening symptoms. The life cycle of C. parvum takes place in the enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium. We therefore focused our attention on a route of immunization that might induce a mucosal immunoglobulin (Ig)A response. Eight-week-old BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with DNA encoding a 15-kDa C. parvum sporozoite antigen (CP15-DNA) cloned onto the plasmid pcDNA3. CP15-DNA-immunized mice developed specific and longlasting production of anti-CP15 Ig A in intestinal secretions and specific IgG in sera 3 months and 1 year after the first DNA inoculation. CP15-DNA-immunized mice also developed an antigen-specific T lymphocyte proliferative response in both spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Control mice that received the pcDNA3 plasmid alone did not develop specific humoral and cellular responses. These results indicate that plasmid DNA may provide a powerful means of eliciting intestinal humoral and cellular responses to C. parvum infections in mammals.     

慢性牙周炎伴2型糖尿病患者龈沟液中脂联素水平的检测及意义

目的：探究牙周炎伴2型糖尿病患者龈沟液中脂联素水平及意义。方法：纳入慢性牙周炎伴糖尿病患者（DM&CP）、慢性牙周炎患者（CP）、健康对照者（H）各20例,记录其临床指标（SBI、PLI、PD 和 AL）,并收集龈沟液（GCF）样本,用龈沟液测量仪 periotron8000对 GCF 进行定量,用脂联素 ELISA 试剂盒检测样本中脂联素含量,比较组间检测指标的差异以及临床指标与 GCF 中脂联素水平的相关性。结果：DM&CP 组 GCF 中脂联素水平显著低于其他2组（P ＜0．05）,CP 患者龈沟液脂联素水平与牙周健康组相比无统计学差异（P ＞0．05）。GCF 中脂联素水平与临床指标 PD 值、AL 值有负相关性（P ＜0．05）,与 SBI、PLI 无明显相关（P ＞0．05）。结论：龈沟液中脂联素水平降低可能与 DM&CP 发生发展有关。     

不同产地骨碎补微量元素含量的比较研究

目的 比较不同产地骨碎补粉剂、煎剂中微量元素的含量.方法 采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP-AES）法对不同产地骨碎补的微量元素进行测定.结果 不同产地骨碎补中均含有Al、B、Ba、Bi、Cd、Cr、Ni、P、Pb、Na、K、Ca、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Mg等元素.结论 不同产地骨碎补微量元素含量存在差异,宁夏地产骨碎补中Na、Ca、Zn、Fe的含量高于其他产地;骨碎补中微量元素含量与产地及种植环境有关,且作为回医骨伤科常用药之一,具有较高的药用价值.     

PBL-CP联合教学法在临床医学八年制胃肠外科见习中的运用初探

PBL教学法作为一种成熟的教学模式,现已普遍运用于临床医学八年制的临床教学中。CP教学法是以临床路径为平台的教学模式。作者在带教本校临床医学八年制胃肠外科见习课程时,尝试将CP教学模式融入到PBL教学法中,取得了良好的效果。本文主要围绕本次PBL-CP联合教学的带教方法及带教后心得体会作一阐述。     

0.7毫米微创自内障手术改良法的临床学习效果观察

目的观察初学者学习0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法的临床效果。方法随机选取门诊和住院白内障患者50人,由初学者在老师指导下应用0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法施行手术。研究内容包括手术时间,术中灌注液应用量,术中并发症等。结果手术时间随着学习的进程总体呈下降趋势,从开始10例平均时间61分22秒下降到第5个10例的18分54秒。特别是30例后下降明显。共7例9次并发症发生。第4例出现后囊破裂,未行玻璃体切割的情况下成功植入人工晶状体于睫状沟内。前10例中共有2例,第2和4个10例中各1例术中角膜上皮水肿。另外还有1例发生后弹力层撕裂,两例切口撕裂,1例结膜水肿。结论经过短期的0．7毫米微创白内障手术改良法训练,初学者可从传统同轴超声乳化安全转换至0．7毫米微创白内障手术。     

S-methylation of captopril. Demonstration of captopril thiol methyltransferase activity in human erythrocytes and enzyme distribution in rat tissues

The presence of a methyltransferase enzyme in human red blood cells (RBCs) capable of S-methylation of captopril is described. The apparent Michaelis-Menten (Km) constant for captopril was 0.5 mM and the maximum velocity (Vmax) was 0.391 pmoles S-methylcaptopril (mg protein)-1 min-1. There is some evidence presented to show that S-methylcaptopril inhibited its own formation with a ki value of 5.81 mM. Captopril thiol methyltransferase activity was also examined in rat tissues and was found to be present in all tissue studied. Subcellular localisation studies in rat liver suggest that the enzyme was microsomal in origin. The order of activity was liver greater than heart greater than spleen greater than lung greater than kidney much greater than RBC (rat). This tissue distribution was quite different from previous studies using other thiol substrates and is consistent with more than one form of thiol methyltransferase enzyme in tissues.     

Ipsilateral turning behavior induced by unilateral microinjections of a cannabinoid into the rat subthalamic nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus contains cannabinoid receptors and cannabinoid receptor mRNA. However, the role of cannabinoid receptors in this nucleus has not been examined. In order to investigate the functional role of cannabinoid receptors in the rat subthalamic nucleus, turning activity was observed following unilateral microinjection of the synthetic cannabinoid CP 55,940. CP 55,940 (10 μg) induced ipsilateral turning. This effect was blocked by coadministration of the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A (5 μg). These results suggest that cannabinoid receptors in the subthalamic nucleus mediate an inhibition of motor activity.     

Projections of the zona incerta in the cat, with stimulation controls.

In eight cats single electrolytic lesions were placed in the zona incerta, and resultant fiber degeneration studies were made. In seven additional cats, stimulating electrodes were chronically implanted bilaterally into the zona incerta, H₂ (lenticular fasciculus), or H (prerubral) fields of Forel. The animals were placed in a two-compartment shuttle box, and a routinely established procedure of subthalamic stimulation was instituted. When the sensory (nociceptive) or motor manifestations and reactions were established, small lesions were made through both poles of the electrodes. The brains were studied by silver techniques for degenerating axons and terminals. Findings in the latter group of animals with physiologic substrates, compared to those in the first group, indicated that the zona incerta contains at least two major physiologic-anatomic components with differential fiber projections. The first component is a medial zona incerta proper or caudalis, paleospinothalamic, nociceptive-conducting system which causes typical escape responses. Its unequivocal projections are to the nucleus of the H₁ field, posterior and dorsal hypothalamus, part of the intralaminar system, ventromedial and ventralis anterior nuclei, nucleus reuniens, reticular nucleus, pulvinar, posterior nucleus, central gray, red nucleus, and the central tegmental tract. The second constitutent concerns pyramidal-extrapyramidal motor type responses that arise with avoidance reactions from other portions of the zona incerta. In these cases there is heavy projection to the caudate, entopenduncular, globus pallidus, and putamen nuclei. In contrast, degeneration from the nociceptive part of the zona incerta or H₂ and H fields to these nuclei is minimal.     

Comparing and combining light dose fractionation and iron chelation to enhance experimental photodynamic therapy with aminolevulinic acid

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enhancement of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) has been demonstrated experimentally using light dose fractionation or CP94 iron chelation. This study extends this research. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: In normal rat colon, CP94 administration and light dose fractionation were independently and concurrently employed to enhance ALA-PDT. In colonic rat tumors, the most successful enhancement regimes were employed separately. RESULTS: Independent use of light dose fractionation and iron chelation produced similar results in normal colon (2.4- and 2.9-fold more necrosis than controls, respectively). Using both techniques simultaneously produced fivefold enhancement. In the colonic tumors, light dose fractionation and iron chelation (using different parameters) produced two and five times the volume of necrosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both techniques significantly enhanced ALA-PDT in the normal and neoplastic tissues investigated and produced similar levels of enhancement when comparable parameters were employed. Concurrent use of light dose fractionation and iron chelation in normal colon produced considerably more enhancement than either technique could achieve independently.