甘肃省大黄病害调查与病原鉴定

目的:通过调查甘肃省大黄主产区大黄病害种类及其特性,为病害综合防治提供理论依据.方法:田间调查和室内分离鉴定相结合.结果和讨论:共发现真菌性病害8种,分别为叶黑粉病Thecaphora schwarzmaniana、斑枯病Septoria sp.、锈病Puccinia rhei-palmati、轮纹病Ascochyta rhei、叶点霉灰斑病Phyllostica rhei、白粉病Erysiphe polygoni、灰霉病Botrytis sp.、根腐病Fusarium oxysporiums、1种病毒病(毒源待定).黑粉病发病率为:14%～26%,为害严重,急待解决.白粉病、灰霉病为国内首次报道.     

Determinants of Moraxella catarrhalis colonization in healthy Dutch children during the first 14 months of life

Moraxella catarrhalis is an established bacterial pathogen, previously thought to be an innocent commensal of the respiratory tract of children and adults. The objective of this study was to identify significant risk factors associated with M. catarrhalis colonization in the first year of life in healthy Dutch children. This study investigated a target cohort group of 1079 children forming part of the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study following children from fetal life until young adulthood, conducted in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Nasopharyngeal swabs for M. catarrhalis culture were obtained at 1.5, 6 and 14 months of age, with all three swabs being available for analyses from 443 children. Data on risk factors possibly associated with M. catarrhalis colonization were obtained by questionnaire at 2, 6 and 12 months. M. catarrhalis colonization increased from 11.8% at age 1.5 months to 29.9% and 29.7% at 6 and 14 months, respectively. Two significantly important colonization risk factors were found: the presence of siblings and day-care attendance, which both increased the risk of being positive for M. catarrhalis colonization on two or more occasions within the first year of life. Colonization with M. catarrhalis was not associated with gender, educational level of the mother, maternal smoking, breast-feeding, or antibiotic use. Apparently, crowding is an important risk factor for early and frequent colonization with M. catarrhalis in the first year of life.     

Bacteriophages that infect Gram-negative bacteria as source of signal-arrest-release motif lysins

Treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria is challenging, a potential solution for which is the use of bacteriophage-derived lytic enzymes. However, the exogenous action of bacteriophage lysins against Gram-negative bacteria is hindered due to the presence of an impermeable outer membrane in these bacteria. Nevertheless, recent research has demonstrated that some lysins are capable of permeating the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria with the help of signal peptides. In the present study, we investigated the genomes of 309 bacteriophages that infect Gram-negative pathogens of clinical interest in order to determine the evolutionary markers of signal peptide-containing lysins. Complete genomes displayed 265 putative lysins, of which 17 (6.41%) contained signal-arrest-release motifs and 41 (15.47%) contained cleavable signal peptides. There was no apparent relationship between host specificity and lysin diversity. Nevertheless, the evolution of lysin genes might not be independent of the rest of the bacteriophage genome once pan-genome clustering and lysin diversity appear to be correlated. In addition, signal peptide- and signal-arrest-release-containing lysins were monophyletically distributed in the protein cladogram, suggesting that the natural selection of holin-independent lysins is divergent. Our study screened 58 (21.89%) out of 265 potential candidates for in vitro experimentation against MDR bacteria.     

Pediatric urinary tract infections: diagnosis and treatment

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common serious bacterial infection in childhood. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are required for the optimal clinical outcome and the prevention of long-term morbidity and sequelae. Diagnosis and treatment of UTI may seem to be easy tasks, but they remain among the most controversial issues in pediatrics. Consequently, children suspected for UTIs are investigated and treated differently in different settings. The absence of typical clinical presentation and the uncertainties in setting the index of suspicion, collecting appropriate urine samples and interpreting results, combined with different antibiotic policies in the face of increasing resistance of uropathogens, contribute to the controversy. Recently issued guidelines have attempted to settle several thorny aspects in diagnosis and treatment, but quite a few issues still remain controversial. In this review, the authors explore the current situation on diagnosis and treatment of childhood UTI in better understanding their pathogenesis and prevalence in different child populations, discuss recently evaluated diagnostic tests and thenew management guidelines.     

1 410例儿童呼吸道感染病原体分析

目的了解儿童急性呼吸道感染的病原体及其感染特点。方法选取某院2011年1-12月因急性呼吸道感染收治住院的患儿1 410例,采用直接免疫荧光法检测7种病毒（包括副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型,流感病毒A、B型,呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒）,培养法检测细菌。分析不同月份、年龄段儿童病毒感染率及其合并细菌感染情况。结果1 410份标本中,共检出病毒阳性594份（42.13%）,以呼吸道合胞病毒和腺病毒为主;检出细菌阳性258份（18.30%）。3、4、10、11月份病毒检出率较高（均＞50%）,7-9月病毒检出率较低（22.89%~31.40%）;1～3岁组病毒检出率较高（58.04%）,6～14岁组检出率较低（22.15%）。检出病毒混合感染阳性标本22份（1.56%）;单一病毒感染患儿合并细菌感染157例（27.45%）。流感病毒A、B型感染组合并细菌感染率较高,分别为47.06%、47.27%。结论儿童呼吸道病毒感染率与年龄和季节均相关;病毒感染后患儿合并细菌感染率较高,其中流感病毒A、B型感染更易合并细菌感染。     

伏邪理论在哮喘缓解期治疗中的思考与应用

伏邪理论注重驱邪于未发之时,截断邪气之结聚扩大,对于迁延进展的慢性疾病具有重要的临床指导意义。哮喘患者体内的风痰瘀毒等伏邪是其反复发作,逐渐恶化的主导因素。文章在临床实践的基础上探讨在哮喘缓解期无证可辨的情况下,应用伏邪理论审因论治,以期提供有益的临床思路。     

食源性金黄色葡萄球菌9种肠毒素基因的多重PCR检测

目的 建立多重PCR方法检测食源性金黄色葡萄球菌9种肠毒素基因,了解其在食源性金黄色葡萄球菌中的分布状况.方法 建立多重PCR方法检测144株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌的9种肠毒素基因,对其分布状况进行研究.结果 建立的多重PCR方法特异、高效,9种肠毒素基因在144株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌中的检出率由高到低依次为SEU (25.69％)、SEG (22.22％)、SEM (20.83％)、SEK (20.14％)、SEQ (18.06％)、SEH (15.97％)、SEN (10.42％)、SEJ (8.33％)、SEL(5.56％);52.78％的菌株含有该9种肠毒素基因中的至少1种,34.03％的菌株含有9种肠毒素基因中的两种或两种以上.结论 该多重PCR方法特异性高,快速简便,可用于金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素基因的分布研究;144株食源性金黄色葡萄球菌中9种肠毒素基因均有检出,其中以SEU、SEG、SEM、SEK检出率较高.     

2007-2011年重庆市巴南区流感监测结果分析

目的了解重庆市巴南区流感流行特征及其变化规律,为制定流感防控策略提供科学依据。方法对巴南区2007-2011年流感病例进行描述性流行病学分析;监测哨点医院门诊流感样病例就诊比、病原谱和优势毒株;监测流感及流感样病例聚集性和暴发疫情流行特征。结果2007—2011年,巴南区共报告流感病例773例,无重症和死亡病例,年均发病率为18．26／10万,发病率最高的为2009年,最低的为2007年。流感高发于3—4月;主分布于鱼洞街道,15岁以下的学生为主发病人群。除发生流感大流行外,巴南区每年发生流感及流感样病例聚集性或暴发疫情数控制在5起以内,主发生在学校和托幼机构。2007—2011年哨点医院共监测流感样病例2240例,病原学诊断299例,阳性率为13．35％。在确诊的299例病例中,甲型H1N1流感占33．78％;季节性流感A型占23．76％;季节性流感B型占42．47％。2009年,甲型HINl流感病毒为优势毒株,其他4年以季节性流感病毒为优势毒株。其中季节性A型和B型流感病毒其优势性呈现交替式变化。结论巴南区流感高发于3—4月,主分布于鱼洞街道,15岁以下的学生为主发病人群,季节性A型和B型流感病毒其优势性呈现交替式变化。     

2008-2012年河南省手足口病流行特征分析

目的了解掌握河南省手足口病流行特征和病原种类,为制定防控策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法描述2008-2012年河南省手足口病流行特征,采用分析性统计学方法分析病原检测结果。结果 2008-2012年全省共报告手足口病病例338 792例,各年的发病率分别为12.63/10万、107.82/10万、101.97/10万、63.44/10万和73.28/10万;3～6月发病数占总发病例数的68.27%;3岁及以下年龄组病例占发病总数的87.61%;23 213例实验室诊断病例中,EV71阳性占62.43%,CA16阳性占12.97%,其他肠道病毒占24.60%。不同年份EV71、CA16、其他肠道病毒阳性构成差异有统计学意义(x2=819.68,P<0.05)。结论 2008-2012年河南省手足口病报告发病率逐年下降,发病有明显的季节性,散居儿童是主要发病人群;主要病原是EV71和CA16,EV71为优势流行株。