Surplus dietary tryptophan reduces plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations and enhances recovery after social stress in pigs

Social stress occurs in intensive pig farming due to aggressive behavior. This stress may be reduced at elevated dietary levels of tryptophan (TRP). In this study, we compared the effects of high (13.2%) vs. normal (3.4%) dietary TRP to large neutral amino acid (LNAA) ratios on behavior and stress hormones in catheterized pigs ( approximately 50 kg BW), which were exposed to social stress by placing them twice into the territory of a dominant pig ( approximately 60 kg) for 15 min. Pre-stress plasma TRP concentrations were 156+/-15 vs. 53+/-6 micromol/l (p<0.01) in pigs on the high vs. normal TRP diets, respectively. Pre-stress plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations were twofold (p<0.01) and 1.4-fold (p<0.05) lower but plasma adrenaline concentration was similar in pigs on the high vs. normal TRP diets, respectively. During the social confrontations, pigs on the high vs. normal TRP diets show a tendency towards reduced active avoidance behavior (3.2+/-1.1 vs. 6.7+/-1.2 min, p<0.1) but their physical activity (8.5+/-0.6 vs. 10.2+/-0.8 min) and aggressive attitude towards the dominant pig (11+/-3 vs. 7+/-2 times biting) were similar. Immediate (+5 min) post-stress plasma cortisol, noradrenaline and adrenaline responses were similar among dietary groups. After the social confrontations, the post-stress plasma cortisol, noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations and/or curves (from +5 min to 2 h) were lower/steeper (p<0.05) in pigs on the high vs. normal TRP diets. In summary, surplus TRP in diets for pigs (1) does not significantly affect behavior when exposed to social stress, (2) reduces basal plasma cortisol and noradrenaline concentrations, (3) does not affect the immediate hormonal response to stress, and (4) reduces the long-term hormonal response to stress. In general, pigs receiving high dietary TRP were found to be less affected by stress.     

细胞内密度改变是肾上腺素诱导小鼠急性肺水肿的一种病理反应（英文）

 目的:研究病理条件下肺的细胞内密度改变反应。方法:以高剂量肾上腺素腹腔注射法制备小鼠急性肺水肿模型,经不连续蔗糖密度离心法测定肺组织匀浆的细胞内密度改变。定量测定肺的湿/干重比值、肝糖原含量、肝脏炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA相对表达水平,分析急性肺水肿的发展及其病变程度。结果:经腹腔注射肾上腺素后,小鼠肺组织细胞内密度发生显著改变,其发生几率呈时间和剂量依赖性,且与肺的湿/干重比值呈正相关关系。肝脏IL-1β和IL-6的mRNA表达水平显著升高,在注射药物1 h达到高峰。结论:在肾上腺素诱导的小鼠急性肺水肿中,肺的细胞内密度改变是体内的一种病理反应。这种病理改变可能应用于药物对体内组织细胞作用的定位及其病理学研究。     

肾上腺素脑室冲洗对自发性脑室出血的治疗效果

目的运用肾上腺素进行脑室冲洗,探讨其对自发性脑室出血的治疗效果。方法测定74例脑室出血患者运用保守、侧脑室引流、肾上腺素脑室冲洗方法后的引流脑脊液量和颅内压。结果肾上腺素脑室冲洗后出现脑脊液引流量下降,颅内压无明显变化。结论肾上腺盐水脑室冲洗不影响颅内压,并通过减少再出血和脑脊液的分泌达到治疗效果。     

Comparative Evaluation of Local Anaesthesia with Adrenaline and Without Adrenaline on Blood Glucose Concentration in Patients Undergoing Tooth Extractions

Background  

Lignocaine hydrochloride is the most widely used and easily available local anaesthetic agent. Adrenaline is frequently combined with lignocaine to enhance the duration of anaesthesia, decrease toxicity, to achieve vasoconstriction and to provide a bloodless field.     

Regulation of blood L-glutamate levels by stress as a possible brain defense mechanism

Isoflurane-anesthetized rats submitted to a closed head injury (CHI) display a significant decrease of their blood glutamate levels. Having demonstrated that a decrease of blood L-glutamate (glutamate) causes an increase of the driving force for a spontaneous brain-to-blood glutamate efflux, and consequently affords brain neuroprotection, we investigated here the possible mechanisms which can affect blood glutamate levels. Reasoning that the spontaneous decrease of blood glutamate levels post CHI could be part of a stress response, we observed that the stress involved in tail artery catheterization under isoflurane anesthesia does not affect blood glutamate levels. Investigating in naïve rats the stress effectors, we found that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) significantly decreased blood glutamate levels. Pretreatment with antalarmine (a selective type-1 CRF receptor antagonist) occludes the CRF-mediated decrease in blood glutamate levels. In contrast, the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) did not affect blood glutamate levels. Investigating the effectors of the sympathetic/adrenomedullary system, we observed that in naïve rats, adrenaline but not noradrenaline decreased blood glutamate levels. Confirming the role of adrenaline, propranolol pretreatment (a non-selective β-antagonist) prevented the spontaneous decrease of blood glutamate observed post CHI. On the strength of these results, we further observed that isoproterenol (a β_1/2-selective adrenoreceptor agonist) produced a marked sustained decrease in blood glutamate levels. These results suggest that stress induces a decrease of blood glutamate levels partly via the activation of peripheral CRF receptors and the activation of the β-adrenoreceptors. We propose that this newly identified component of the stress response could be a peripherally mediated defense mechanism of the injured brain against the deleterious effects of excess glutamate.     

乌药提取物对豚鼠离体回肠的影响

目的观察乌药提取物对豚鼠离体回肠的影响。方法采用离体实验方法,以正常、乙酰胆碱、氯化钡、肾上腺素负荷为研究模型。结果乌药挥发油、乌药水提液、乌药水煎液、乌药醇提液能显著抑制豚鼠离体回肠自发活动,且对乙酰胆碱、氯化钡所致的回肠痉挛有显著拮抗作用。乌药挥发油能使先用肾上腺素而紧张性降低的豚鼠离体回肠进一步松弛。结论乌药提取物对豚鼠离体回肠具有一定调节作用。     

HPLC/MS/MS同时测定血浆肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、可的松和氢化可的松的方法建立

目的 建立高效液相色谱-质谱-质谱联用 （HPLC/MS/MS）同时测定血浆中的肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、可的松和氢化可的松的方法。方法 样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白和萃取后,15 000 r/min 离心5 min,取上清液进样分析。电喷雾离子源 (ESI), 正离子检测, 多反应监测 (MRM) 方式定量分析。 结果 肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、可的松和氢化可的松在0.02～200.00 ng/mL浓度范围内线性良好 （相关系数均≥0.999）,检出限分别为4.13 pg/mL、4.64 pg/mL、4.29 pg/mL和4.52 pg/mL,日内和日间精密度分别为1.19%~5.42%和2.16%~6.04%;将所建立的方法用于空白人血浆样品分析,加标回收率为80.0%~109.0%,样品测定精密度为3.93%~7.57%。结论 本研究所建立的方法快速灵敏,适合血浆样品的批量分析。     

What to do if A + B doesn't work

The majority of newborn resuscitations require very little beyond simple airway management and assisted ventilation. If cardiovascular collapse is serious enough to warrant additional support, resuscitation algorithms recommend moving to chest compressions and then on to medications and possibly volume replacement if vital signs remain marginal or absent. The evidence base upon which this part of the neonatal resuscitation algorithm is structured is sparse. Chest compressions and medications are rare interventions that do not lend themselves easily to clinical trials. Slowly but surely, however, the genesis of an empirical evidence base for this part of the algorithm is beginning to appear.     

150mg左布比卡因含或不含肾上腺素用于坐骨-股神经阻滞的药动学和药效学

目的观察下肢手术患者坐骨-股神经阻滞时肾上腺素对150 mg左布比卡因药代动力学和药效学的影响。方法择期行踝关节手术患者40例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为两组:单用左布比卡因组(L组)、左布比卡因复合1:200 000肾上腺素组(LE组),每组20例。超声引导下,L组采用0.5%左布比卡因各15 m L(共30 m L,150 mg)分别行坐骨神经阻滞和股神经阻滞;LE组采用0.5%左布比卡复合1:200 000肾上腺素因各15 m L(共30 m L,150 mg)分别依次行坐骨神经阻滞和股神经阻滞。在股神经阻滞给药结束即刻、给药结束后5、15、30、45、60、120、180、360、720 min各采集静脉血5 m L。气相色谱-质谱联用分析检测各点血浆左布比卡因浓度,用药物与统计软件Kinetica 4.4.1计算药代动力学参数,评估神经阻滞起效和维持时间。结果在15、30 min,LE组血浆左布比卡因浓度低于L组(P0.05)。LE组左布比卡因血药浓度峰值(C_(max))低于L组(P0.01);两组其他药动学参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组神经阻滞起效时间和维持时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论150 mg左布比卡因坐骨-股神经阻滞时,肾上腺素可以降低血浆左布比卡因C_(max),但对神经阻滞的起效和维持时间没有影响。     

深圳地区3～8岁女童性早熟的临床调查

目的通过来本院体检的3～8岁女童的临床调查,试图探讨深圳地区3～8岁女童性早熟的状况。方法对4690例正常体检的3～8岁女童采用询诊、视诊、触诊,凡有单侧或双侧乳房凸起,经B超证实有乳房发育而无阴毛、腋毛发育的单纯乳房早发育女童159人,对此159例女童采用免疫化学发光方法及免疫ELISA方法检测血清中ER、N．RDH、FSH、LH的表达水平。结果各年龄段早熟女童血清中ER、N．RDH较正常女童均呈低水平表达,呵排除真性性早熟;各年龄段早熟女童血清中FSH、LH较正常组女童均呈高水平表达,证实为继发性假性性早熟。结论本临床调查证实深圳3～8岁女童存在继发性性早熟,其发生率3．8％;继发性早熟与膳食、药膳滋补密切相关。