自酸蚀粘结剂在磨牙窝沟封闭中的临床应用效果分析

目的：观察使用自酸蚀粘结剂对磨牙窝沟封闭的临床效果。方法：选择50例8岁儿童、完全萌出的第一磨牙100颗,采用自身对照方法,随机方法一侧采用自酸蚀粘结剂处理（实验组）和另一侧采用磷酸酸蚀（对照组）的方法进行窝沟封闭,记录操作时间,术后3、6、12、24个月随访,观察封闭剂保留率。用χ2检验和t检验对数据进行统计分析。结果：实验组操作时间（121±8） s,对照组的操作时间（225±14） s,两组对比差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。术后3、6、12、24个月复查,实验组和对照组窝沟封闭剂保留率无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论：应用自酸蚀系统进行窝沟封闭,操作时间短,窝沟封闭剂保留率高,能有效预防龋病的发生。     

复方丹参滴注并早期清胰汤灌肠与施他宁治疗重症急性胰腺炎的疗效及成本效益比较

目的比较复方丹参静脉滴注和清胰汤早期保留灌肠联合应用与施他宁治疗重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）的疗效及成本效益,探讨非手术治疗SAP有效且价廉的方法。方法将64例SAP患者随机分为治疗组（复方丹参静脉滴注和清胰汤早期保留灌肠）与对照组（施他宁）,对SAP患者的临床症状改善时间、血清淀粉酶和血常规复常时间、住院天数和住院直接费用、最终病死率以及治疗后患者腹腔内高压（IAH）缓解时间进行比较。结果治疗组腹痛初步缓解时间、首次排大便时间、恢复进食时间较对照组明显缩短,住院费用、住院天数大幅度减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。腹部压痛体征消除时间、血清淀粉酶和血常规复常时间两组比较差异无统计学意义。SAP患者经治疗后IAH缓解时间,治疗组较对照组明显提前（P〈0．05）。两组最终病死率比较差异无统计学意义。结论复方丹参滴注和清胰汤早期保留灌肠联合应用,可明显改善SAP病情,减少住院天数,住院费用比施他宁更低。能比施他宁更快地缓解IAH,病死率则差异无统计学意义。     

青海省吸毒成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗保持情况分析

目的了解青海省美沙酮维持治疗（MMT）病人参加治疗的保持情况。方法采用前瞻性研究方法对2006-2009年接受MMT的吸毒成瘾者开展为期至少3年的随访,调查其社会人口学、吸毒行为和治疗情况,采用乘积极限法计算不同随访时间的治疗保持率,并比较其保持率情况。结果共对727名符合治疗标准的病人开展为期至少3年的随访,平均年龄为36.7岁,治疗保持中位数为26.2个月,1年、2年和3年累计治疗保持率分别为59.42％,47.32％,37.00％,吸毒年限、治疗期间尿检阳性率、平均治疗剂量与治疗保持率差异有统计意义（P〈0.05）。结论MMT门诊在日常治疗工作中应针对性开展重点干预,要特别注意吸毒年限较短、注射吸毒和抽检中发现尿检阳性的病人,为提高病人的保持时间,应提高逐渐治疗剂量,减少脱失的风险。     

Reliable and efficient deconvolution technique based on total linear least squares for calculating the renal retention function

By deconvolving the activity/time curves obtained from the blood and kidney, the renal retention function can be calculated, yielding useful clinical data. However, the current deconvolution techniques are not very reliable; they are sensitive to the inaccuracies present in the data. A more reliable, stable and efficient deconvolution technique based on the singular value decomposition, total linear least squares (TLLS), is proposed and its properties are described. The applicability of TLLS as a deconvolution technique in renography is discussed and demonstrated. Results from simulation, as well as from clinical data, are presented to show the advantages of the use of TLLS with respect to noise rejection in the data. They confirm the superiority of TLLS over the current deconvolution techniques. It is concluded that TLLS needs no smoothing and is a powerful, efficient, reliable and stable deconvolution technique.     

ICU留置导管患者医院感染的调查分析及护理对策

目的了解ICU留置导管患者医院感染现状，为制定护理策略提供依据，减少医院感染的发生。方法采用回顾性调查方法，查阅和分析2002-2006年本院ICU所有进行过气管插管、留置尿管、动静脉置管患者的病历资料。结果留置导管患者例次医院感染率为19．45％，单项插管者中医院感染率为15．78％，显著低于2项插管同时存在者感染率22．41％和3项插管同时存在者感染率45．07％（x^2别为5．801，65．780，P分别〈0．05，〈0．001）。气管插管患者在各类单项插管者中医院感染率最高为25．22％。检出病原菌167株，以革兰阴性菌为主，占70．66％（118株），其次为革兰阳性菌（32株）及真菌（17株），分别占19．16％和10．18％。结论留置导管患者医院感染较高，且留置导管种类越多，医院感染率越高，必须加强对其的医疗护理。     

Memory retention test performance in mice: Improvement by chronic oral cholinergic drug treatment

Mice consumed solutions containing 0, 0.025, 0.050 or 0.075 mg/ml of arecoline hydrobromide (ARE) one week prior to training (T-maze, footshock, active avoidance) and a total of two weeks prior to testing memory retention. The mean daily doses of ARE were estimated to be 0, 157, 302, or 500 μg per mouse, respectively. An inverted-U dose-response curve was obtained; the best retention test performance was by the group receiving 0.050 mg/ml of ARE. Measures of activity and weight taken over the experiment indicated no significant differences between ARE groups and the control group; thus no apparent toxicity. Separate groups of mice consumed 0 or 0.050 mg/ml of ARE for one week, then were trained to a criterion of 5 avoidances in 6 training trials. There were no significant differences in trials to first avoidance response or to criterion. Thus the enhanced retention test performance of the 0.050 mg/ml ARE group reflected improved memory processing rather than better learning.     

Naloxone influences retention behaviour depending on the degree of novelty inherent to the training situation

The effects of immediate posttraining subcutaneous administration of naloxone (0.25, 1 or 5 mg/kg) on retention behaviour of rats trained in an inhibitory avoidance task, subjected or not to familiarization with the training situation prior to the training trial (pretraining) have been investigated. Naloxone did not influence performance of pretrained rats not subjected to footshock at training. The drug did not significantly modify retention latencies of pretrained rats subjected to a weak footshock. However, administration of naloxone facilitated retention behaviour of non-pretrained rats subjected to a weak footshock. Likewise, naloxone significantly increases retention latencies of pretrained rats subjected to a high footshock at the training trial. These data indicate that naloxone influences retention behaviour depending on the degree of novelty linked to the training situation: a facilitatory effect of the drug is observed when the training trial becomes associated with a clear novel situation for the animals (high footshock in pretrained rats or a weak footshock in non-pretrained animals).     

Effects of N,N-dimethyltryptamine on behavioural habituation in the rat.

The processes involved in habituation and the various ways drugs might affect habituation are discussed. Exploration was measured in a holehoard and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT, 4 mg/kg) profoundly reduced the level of exploration, precluding any conclusions about the rate of habituation with this dose. However, both 2 and 4 mg/kg doses prevented the 24-hr retention of habituation of exploration. DMT (2 and 4 mg/kg) did not reduce the initial distraction to a tone stimulus, but the rate of habituation and its 24-hr retention was impaired.     

Retention of styrene following controlled exposure to constant and fluctuating air concentrations

An experiment was designed to determine whether the respiratory retention of sytrene vapor, as estimated from measurements of end-exhaled air, was the same during periods of both constant and fluctuating exposure. Six human subjects were exposed to styrene inside an experimental chamber. A computer-controlled system was used to generate time-varying air concentrations of styrene over 4–5 h in both multistep sequences of constant exposure (four subjects exposed to 15–99 ppm. of styrene in 100-min steps) and fluctuating patterns representative of occupational exposures (two subjects exposed to mean concentrations of styrene of 50 ppm). In the latter case, lognormally distributed exposures, which fit one of two first-order autoregressive models, were generated at intervals of 2.5 min. It was found that the concentration of styrene in end-exhaled air was reduced by about half if the subject inhaled one to three breaths of clean air prior to sampling. This suggests that significant amounts of styrene were desorbed from the lining of the lungs during the initial exhalation. The retention of styrene vapor during constant exposures was 0.935 and was independent of the level. During each of the two sets of fluctuating exposure the retention of sytrene was also constant and was independent of both the variance and the autocorrelation coefficient. However, the retention of styrene during fluctuating exposure (estimates ranged from 0.957 to 0.973) was significantly higher than that observed during the constant exposures. It is speculated that the difference in retention between the constant and the fluctuating exposure regimens is related to non-steady-state behavior of styrene in the richly perfused tissues, as suggested by Opdam and Smolders (1986) regarding tetrachloroethylene exposure.