Mesolimbic dopamine and its control of locomotor activity in rats: differences in pharmacology and light/dark periodicity between the olfactory tubercle and the nucleus accumbens

To compare the functions of the lateral olfactory tubercle (OT) and the medial nucleus accumbens (ACC), dopamine (DA), (3,4-dihydroxyphenylimino)-2-imidazoline (DPI), and ergometrine were injected into the brain of rats familiarized with the experimental cage in which locomotor activity was assessed. In all tests a volume of 0.5 l per side was used. Both DA (1–10 g) and apomorphine (1–10 g) increased locomotor activity when injected into the OT; similar injections into the ACC produced inconsistent effects. The OT effects were short-lasting, dose-dependent and antagonized by haloperidol (0.5–2.5 g) in a dose-dependent manner. DPI (1–10 g) too produced an increase when injected into the OT; this response was long-lasting, dose-dependent and potentiated by ergometrine (0.1–1.0 g). Ergometrine (0.1–1.0 g) dose-dependently increased activity over a period of 200 min in ACC and OT rats, although the response in OT rats was much smaller than that in ACC rats. Only the ergometrine response in ACC rats was dose-dependently suppressed by DPI (1–10 g). ACC rats tested during the light period showed a weak stimulatory response to ergometrine in comparison with ACC rats tested during the dark period; OT rats showed reversed light/dark periodicity. Thus, OT rats significantly differed from ACC rats with respect to locomotor responses to dopaminergic agents, their pharmacological profile and their light/dark periodicity. Evidence is provided that the lateral tuberculum, but not the medial accumbens, is responsible for the stimulatory effect of dopamine and related compounds.The results were presented during the 14th C.I.N.P. Congress (Collegium International Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum), held at Florence (Italy), June 19–23, 1984     

Effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity and long-duration low-intensity exercise on insulin resistance and adiponectin/leptin ratio

ObjectivesModerate-intensity exercise improves insulin sensitivity, which may depend on the intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise. We examined the effects of a single bout of short-duration high-intensity exercise (HIE) and long-duration lowintensity exercise (LIE) on insulin sensitivity and the adiponectin/leptin ratio in individuals with different body mass indices (BMIs) who do not exercise regularly.MethodsWe enrolled 42 healthy volunteers aged 20–64 years and divided them into two groups based on BMI: BMI <24 kg/m² and BMI ≥27 kg/m². They were randomly assigned to either the short-duration (20 min) HIE (70%–80% heart rate reserve, HRR) or long-duration (60 min) LIE training groups (30%–40% HRR). Glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were assessed before training and at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after training.ResultsWe finally analyzed 27 normal weight and 9 obese individuals. No significant differences were observed in the baseline information of both BMI groups. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance significantly improved for both exercise patterns in the normal weight group and for the HIE pattern in the obese group (P < 0.01), whereas the adiponectin/leptin ratio increased significantly only among normal weight participants with the LIE intervention.ConclusionBoth exercise patterns in BMI <24 kg/m² and BMI ≥27 kg/m² benefit on insulin resistance. Therefore, people can choose the way they can fit to improve insulin resistance both short-duration high-intensity exercise and long-duration low-intensity exercise.     

Light: Science & Applications对标世界顶级光学期刊的卓越计划建设之路

【目的】 Light: Science & Applications(以下简称Light)通过对标世界顶级光学期刊,探索缩小与世界顶级光学期刊差距的对策与措施,打造我国自主建设的领军期刊,为我国一流科技期刊的建设提供参考和借鉴。【方法】 通过与同领域的世界顶级光学期刊Nature Photonics对标,分析Light和Nature Photonics在发文体量、总被引频次、辐射范围、作者分布和尖端论文方面的数据。【结果】 Light围绕发现的两刊在引领科学研究、深入科学家群体和加速科学传播这三个方面的差距,自受“中国科技期刊卓越行动计划”(以下简称“卓越计划”)资助以来,通过组织前沿热点和交叉学科专题,配合科学界重大事件引导科学研究;深入科学家群体,发掘高价值综述及重要学术成果;建设文章传播推广脉络,举办线上学术活动,建设高影响力学术期刊公众号等创新方式缩小差距。【结论】 Light作为“卓越计划”领军期刊,深知肩负的责任和使命,要从期刊建设方面真正起到领军的作用。在“卓越计划”的支持下Light不断对标世界顶级光学期刊,并探索世界一流科技期刊的建设方法,逐步缩小与世界顶级光学期刊的差距。     

肝脏局灶性小占位的磁共振信号强度比与病灶性质的相关性

目的 计算肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤、肝脏海绵状血管瘤和肝囊肿的病灶／肝脏磁共振信号强度比（SIR）,并评价其与病灶性质的关系。方法 随机选择经确诊的肝细胞癌、肝转移瘤、肝海绵状血管瘤和肝囊肿病例共92例（148个病灶）行前瞻性磁共振成像（0．5T）研究。计算4种病灶的SIR,并进行统计学分析。结果 在T1W图像上,肝海绵状血管瘤与恶性肿瘤的SIR值间差异无显著性（t=1.799,P=0.075);质子加权像上,良恶性肿瘤的SIR之间无统计学意义（t=0.691,P=0.491);T2WI上,良性病变的SIR显著高于恶性肿瘤（P＜0．01）,且4种病变的SIR值与回波时间（TE）之间均存在线性正向相关关系。结论 在T2WI个测得的SIR可用于区分肝脏占位性病灶的性质。     

Can low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) be used as an alternative to revision surgery for patients with non-unions following fracture fixation?

BackgroundNon-union is a significant complication of fracture fixation surgery, and can negatively impact a patient’s quality of life. Low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been used to treat delayed or non-unions previously in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the success rate of LIPUS treatment in patients with chronic fracture non-unions, and to establish the effect of systemic or local factors on its success.MethodsThis was a retrospective, observational study which included all patients undergoing LIPUS treatment in a single institution. Patients deemed suitable for LIPUS underwent treatment for a period of 6 months from initiation. They were followed up with sequential radiographs to assess union at intervals of 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. LIPUS treatment was considered to be successful when patients achieved clinical and radiological union, without the need for revision surgery.ResultsA total of 46 patients were included in the study; 8 were lost to follow – up, leaving 38 patients for the final analysis. The mean age of patients was 47.03 ± 19.7 with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. Union was achieved in 57.89%; the rest underwent revision surgery. There was no significant association between outcomes after LIPUS treatment and patients’ age, gender, smoking status or type of non-union. Patients with a small inter-fragment bone gap were more likely to have a successful outcome after LIPUS (p = 0.041). Time to treatment did not have a statistically significant impact on outcomes after LIPUS. Interestingly, all 6 patients with diabetes in the study managed to achieve union after LIPUS.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that LIPUS is not successful in a large proportion of patients with established fracture non-unions. However, it does represent a low risk treatment modality as an alternative to revision surgery, especially for patients with diabetes who have a small inter – fragment bone gap. More research in the form of large randomised controlled trials needs to be carried out to further assess the role of LIPUS in the treatment of non-unions.     

运动疗法干预骨质疏松症研究进展及现存问题分析

骨质疏松症是一种与年龄和性别有关的全身性疾病,表现特征为每单位体积的骨量减少,骨强度受损,患者容易骨折,造成生活质量降低。运动疗法相比药物疗法具有经济性、无不良反应等优势,被越来越多人所关注。然而运动疗法的疗效在实际应用过程中并没有完全凸显,主要受运动本身的特点（运动方式、运动强度）以及患者自身条件所影响。目前骨质疏松症的检测方式具有一定的不确定性,患者无法判断经过一段时间运动干预后的真正疗效,从而影响到运动参与的积极性,并且运动干预骨质疏松症的评价指标主要集中在骨密度和骨矿物质含量上,忽视了运动对于人体肌肉功能以及身体机能的影响。另外,骨质疏松症人群的机能状态存在很大差异,因此,想要达到较好的干预效果就需要根据患者特点制定最为合适的运动处方。目前,国内外对运动干预骨质疏松症存在的问题尚缺乏详细的概述,笔者就相关现存问题进行归纳总结,给出建议以供参考,旨在提高运动疗法干预骨质疏松症的效果。     

高强度聚焦超声的原理和设备及临床应用

高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)是将超声的能量聚集在很小的区域内,通过高热量灼烧病变组织细胞,但不会对周围其他组织产生影响,因此,其被广泛应用于对肿瘤、大脑疾病和血管疾病的治疗中。现阶段,临床正尝试将磁共振引导的HIFU应用于神经外科手术治疗中,如治疗特发性震颤等。该研究简要回顾了HIFU的原理、设备和临床应用,叙述了其在肝脏、乳腺、前列腺、肾脏、子宫肿瘤治疗中的应用效果及应用前景。     

门静脉高压症合并幽门螺杆菌感染患者胃粘膜的病理改变

目的：本文研究门静脉高压症合并幽门螺杆菌感染患者胃粘膜病理变化的特点,旨在探讨ＨＰ感染在ＰＨＧ发病机制中的意义。方法：对６０例门静脉高压症患者由内窥镜取胃粘膜活检证实有无ＨＰ感染;同时对门静脉高压性胃粘膜病变（ＰＨＧ）者,无论是否伴有幽门杆菌感染分别进行光镜、电镜观察。结果：（１）６０例门脉高压症（ＰＨ）患者有４８例为ＨＰ阳性（８０％）,其中ＰＨＧ患者ＨＰ阳性率为８７％,ＮＰＨＧ患者阳性率仅为６０％;（２）ＨＰ阳性和ＨＰ阴性的门脉高压症患者均合并有胃粘膜病变,且前者以重型为主,后者以轻型为主。结论：（１）ＨＰ感染是形成门脉高压性胃粘膜病变的促进因素;（２）门脉高压时胃粘膜变化包括细胞机制和免疫反应两方面。     

小体重先天性心脏病患儿的体外循环管理

目的：回顾我院16例小体重先天性心脏病患儿的体外循环(CPB)状况,总结其灌注技术。方法：对我院1995-1996年的16例小体重先天性心脏病患儿临床资料及CPB情况(人工心肺机类型、预充液组成、CPB操作步骤、CPB时间、升主动脉阻断时间、心肌保护等)做一回顾性总结。结果：16例患儿。年龄5个月。2岁,平均1．2岁;体重4.5-9.5kg,平均8．2kg。CPB时间32-284min(平均92min),升主动脉阻断时间14-121min(平均64min)。冷晶体高钾停搏液经滚压泵自主动脉根部间断灌注较好的保护了心肌。结论：适宜的血液稀释,根据不同疾病选择正确的灌注方法,良好的术中管理及心肌保护,可有效的使小体重先天性心脏病患儿在CPB中平稳过渡,减少术后的并发症和死亡率。     

Variability of the immunoglobulin light chain in the Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri

All sturgeon VL segments isolated in this study belong to a single family, VLI, which can be divided into two subfamilies. Of the 79 cDNA clones isolated, 76 belong to the larger subfamily, VLIa, and only 3 clones constitute the smaller subfamily, VLIb. To evaluate variability, the Shannon entropy was estimated for each individual amino acid position, and to facilitate comparisons of variability between species the mean entropy of the CDR regions was calculated. In such a comparison, the sturgeon was found to have CDR1 and CDR3 variability approaching those found in mouse and clawed frog, but showed very low variability for CDR2. Amino acid position 50 does however display variability in the range of mouse and clawed frog. It is further confirmed that the sturgeon has numerous J segments, but that the junctional diversity does not contribute greatly to the diversity of the light chain. Comparisons of cDNA clones and a genomic VL segment indicate that the VL undergoes changes, particularly in the CDR regions, in a manner that can be explained by somatic hypermutation and/or gene conversion.