Does washing medical devices before and after use decrease bacterial contamination?: An in vitro study

Surface treatment of medical devices may be a way of avoiding the need for replacement of these devices and the comorbidities associated with infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pre- and postcontamination washing of 2 prostheses with different textures can decrease bacterial contamination.The following microorganisms were evaluated: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus mirabilis and Enterococcus faecalis. Silicone and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular prostheses were used and divided into 3 groups: prostheses contaminated; prostheses contaminated and treated before contamination; and prostheses contaminated and treated after contamination. Treatments were performed with antibiotic solution, chlorhexidine and lidocaine. After one week of incubation, the prostheses were sown in culture medium, which was incubated for 48 hours. The area of colony formation was evaluated by fractal dimension, an image analysis tool.The antibiotic solution inhibited the growth of S epidermidis and chlorhexidine decrease in 53% the colonization density for S aureus in for both prostheses in the pre-washing. In postcontamination washing, the antibiotic solution inhibited the growth of all bacteria evaluated; there was a 60% decrease in the colonization density of S aureus and absence of colonization for E faecalis with chlorhexidine; and lidocaine inhibited the growth of S aureus in both prostheses.Antibiotic solution showed the highest efficiency in inhibiting bacterial growth, especially for S epidermidis, in both washings. Lidocaine was able to reduce colonization by S aureus in post-contamination washing, showing that it can be used as an alternative adjuvant treatment in these cases.     

Budesonide irrigation with olfactory training improves outcomes compared with olfactory training alone in patients with olfactory loss

Background

Olfactory training (OT) helps many patients with olfactory loss, but unfortunately it is ineffective for a significant number of patients. Budesonide irrigations are widely used to help patients with paranasal sinus inflammation, but have never been tested as a treatment for olfactory loss. We sought to examine the effect of adding budesonide irrigation to olfactory training on patients with olfactory loss without any visible sign of sinonasal inflammation.

Methods

In this randomized, controlled trial, 138 patients with olfactory loss and without any visible sign of sinonasal inflammation were randomized to either OT with saline irrigations or OT with budesonide irrigations. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered at the beginning of the study and at 6 months.

Results

A total of 133 patients completed the study. Forty‐seven patients (35.3%) had a clinically significant change in UPSIT score. Among those in the budesonide irrigation + olfactory therapy group, 43.9% improved, compared with 26.9% in the saline irrigation + olfactory therapy group (p = 0.039); this corresponds to an odds ratio of 3.93 (95% confidence interval, 1.20‐12.88) in a fully adjusted model (p = 0.024). Younger age and shorter duration of olfactory loss were also significant predictors of improvement.

Conclusion

Adding budesonide irrigation to olfactory training significantly improved olfactory ability compared with olfactory training plus saline irrigation.

     

泾县陈村水库灌溉工程与血吸虫病流行关系研究

目的 探讨人工水库灌溉对血吸虫病流行的影响。方法 收集泾县陈村水库灌溉工程及居民耕地、经济状况资料，以及近10年螺情、病情资料，并于2002年对全部历史有螺环境进行查螺，分析水库建设后所形成的不同类型灌区及其与血吸虫病流行的关系。结果 陈村水库及灌溉工程修建后，在水库下游泾县境内形成4类灌区：自流灌溉区即总干渠灌区和东干渠灌区，自流灌溉和提水灌溉区即青左支渠灌区，淹没区及水库间接灌溉区。各区有螺面积均显著增加，其中总干渠灌区的螺、病情明显地较间接灌区严重，东干渠灌区的钉螺密度、耕牛感染及急性感染较自流灌溉前增加，淹没区螺情在近几年迅速上升。结论陈村水库灌溉工程的修建促进了当地经济的发展，但如果不采取有效措施，人工灌溉可加重血吸虫病流行。     

根管超声冲洗的计算流体动力学分析

目的应用计算机模型分析当超声工作尖位于根管内一定深度时冲洗液的计算流体动力学特点,以期为临床应用提供参考。方法首先使用扫描激光振测系统扫描超声工作尖,分析其在一定功率下的振动特点。然后应用ICEM CFD 18.0软件建立根管超声冲洗模型,设置超声工作尖放置的位置为距根尖止点1 mm,通过FLUENT 18.0软件获取结果云图,分析冲洗液的空化体积分数、流动速度及其对根尖压力。结果超声工作尖振动是以横向振动为主伴轻微的纵向振动;工作尖各部分横向振动的幅度均不同,工作尖尖端振幅最大,越靠近锉基部,振幅越小。冲洗液空化体积分数大于0的区域集中在工作尖周围;在工作尖周围冲洗液流速较大,最高达2 m/s,在工作尖前方约0.2 mm内,冲洗液流速大于0.1 m/s,而在距根尖0.8 mm范围内,冲洗液流速较小甚至为0;根尖压力为非正压。结论根据实验结果推断,当超声工作尖放在距根尖1 mm处时,冲洗液不会溢出根尖孔,冲洗过程相对安全;同时冲洗液在工作尖前方约0.2 mm内冲洗作用较强。     

不同冲洗方法清除根管内氢氧化钙的体外研究

目的比较不同冲洗方法对根管内氢氧化钙的清除效果,为临床治疗提供参考。方法收集160颗下颌单根管恒前磨牙,截冠后ProTaper预备至F4。将牙纵向劈为两半,分别在根管壁上制备标准化凹槽和凹陷模型并填入氢氧化钙。根据不同冲洗方法将样本随机分为4组(n=40):注射器组、超声组、XPendo finisher(XPF)组、M3Max组;每组根据冲洗液再分为2个亚组(n=20):次氯酸钠组、次氯酸钠+乙二胺四乙酸(ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA)组。冲洗结束后显微镜下拍摄凹槽和凹陷照片,并对残余氢氧化钙进行评分,比较不同冲洗方法和冲洗液对氢氧化钙的清除效果。结果在凹槽和凹陷模型中,使用次氯酸钠作为冲洗液时,超声、XPF和M3Max清除氢氧化钙的效果均优于注射器冲洗(P<0.05);当使用次氯酸钠联合EDTA冲洗时,超声、XPF和M3Max清除氢氧化钙的效果也均优于注射器冲洗(P<0.05);但超声、XPF和M3Max三者之间的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);与使用次氯酸钠作为冲洗液时相比,次氯酸钠联用EDTA冲洗可增强超声、XPF和M3Max清除氢氧化钙的效果(P<0.05),但不能增强注射器冲洗效果(P>0.05)。结论次氯酸钠联用EDTA冲洗可增强超声、XPF和M3Max清除氢氧化钙的效果,三者间无明显差异,均优于注射器冲洗。     

不同根管冲洗液和冲洗方法对粪肠球菌清除作用的体外研究

目的 比较不同冲洗液和冲洗方法对根管内粪肠球菌的清除效果。方法 建立120颗人完整单根管前磨牙粪肠球菌感染根管模型,随机分组,分别采用不同冲洗液(0.9% NaCl,0.5% NaClO,3% NaClO)及冲洗方法(注射针头冲洗,超声荡洗,RinsEndo系统处理,超声荡洗协同RinsEndo系统联用)进行根管清理。无菌吸潮纸尖取样,平板菌落计数法计算CFU值,计算细菌清除率,运用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析,P<0.05时差异具有统计学意义。结果 使用0.9% NaCl及0.5% NaClO冲洗液时,注射针头冲洗组细菌清除率明显低于超声荡洗及RinsEndo系统处理组(P<0.001);使用3% NaClO冲洗液的各组不同的冲洗方法,细菌清除率的差异无统计学意义(P=0.556)。而无论采用哪种冲洗方法,3% NaClO溶液的细菌清除效果均优于0.5% NaClO溶液和0.9% NaCl溶液(P<0.001)。结论 不同根管冲洗液在一定程度上会影响根管冲洗方法对根管内粪肠球菌的清除效果。     

What Should Be Considered to Cause the Early Post-Craniotomy Seizure: Antibiotics (Cefazolin) Irrigation

Objective

Post-craniotomy seizure (PCS) is reported only rarely. However, our department noted a 433% increase in PCS for a year beginning September 2010, especially after cerebrovascular surgery. Our goal was to identify the cause of our unusual outbreak of PCS.

Methods

For almost one year after September 2010, cases of PCS increased significantly in our department. We analyzed 973 patients who had received a major craniotomy between January 2009 and November 2011. We included seizures that occurred only in the first 24 postoperative hours, which we defined as early PCS. After verifying the presence of PCS, we analyzed multiple seizure-provoking factors and their relation to the duration and character of seizure activity.

Results

Overall PCS incidence was 7.2% (70/973). Cefazolin (2 g/L saline) was the antibiotic drug used for intraoperative irrigation in 88.4% of the operations, and no PCS occurred without intraoperative cefazolin irrigation. When analyzed by operation type, clipping surgery for unruptured aneurysms was the most frequently associated with PCS (80%). Using logistic regression, only 2 g cefazolin intraoperative irrigation (p=0.024) and unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery (p<0.001) were associated with early PCS. The seizure rate of unruptured aneurysm clipping surgery using 2 g cefazolin intraoperative irrigation was 32.9%.

Conclusion

Intraoperative cefazolin irrigation must be avoided in patients undergoing craniotomy, especially for clipping of unruptured aneurysms, because of the increased risk of early PCS.     

经尿道前列腺电切术后失血量评估方法的研究进展

综述良性前列腺增生行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)病人术后失血量评估方法的研究进展,比较各种方法的优缺点,指出目前临床尚无失血量估计统一客观方法,泌尿外科医护人员可以对目视比色法,尤其是血尿比色卡的临床应用开展进一步研究,以便对 TURP 术后病人膀胱冲洗液中失血量评估提供更科学、准确和直观的方法。