儿童前臂骨折术后尺骨延迟愈合或不愈合原因分析

目的：探讨弹性髓内钉治疗儿童前臂双骨折术后出现尺骨延迟愈合及不愈合的可能原因。方法：2005年2月至2010年2月,对弹性髓内钉治疗闭合性儿童前臂双骨折术后出现骨延迟愈合或不愈合5例患者进行回顾性分析,均为男性;年龄3-14岁,平均9．4岁;骨折均累及尺桡骨干中1／3,其中2例患者既往曾有相同部位骨折史。高能量损伤3例,摔伤2例。其中4例患者予行切开复位,1例行闭合复位。观察患者术后并发症,并采用Daruwalla及Price评定标准进行疗效评价。结果：5倒患者均获得随访,时间7～19个月,平均11．4个月。4例出现尺骨延迟愈合,1例出现不愈合。其中3例单纯取出内固定继续保守治疗,2例予更换固定方式继续治疗,所有骨折达到骨性愈合,未发生钉道感染或皮肤激惹等并发症。根据Daruwalla及Priee评定标准,优3例,良2例。结论：弹性髓内钉治疗儿童前臂双骨折是一种很好的方法,但是进行该手术时需严格遵循手术操作规范,把握适应证,同时需要根据具体病例情况,有选择地应用,避免术后出现骨折延迟愈合或不愈合。     

新型股骨近端内侧支撑钢板治疗股骨反转子间骨折的生物力学研究

目的通过与股骨近端锁定加压钢板（proximal femoral locking compression plate，PFLCP）、股骨近端防旋髓内钉（proximal femoral nail antirotation，PFNA）比较，探讨采用新型股骨近端内侧支撑钢板（proximal femoral medial buttress plate，PFMBP）固定股骨反转子间骨折在生物力学方面的优势。方法取 18 具第 4 代 Synbone 人工股骨标准试验骨（左侧）制备 AO 31-A3.1 型股骨反转子间骨折模型后，根据内固定不同随机分为 3 组（n=6），分别为 PFLCP 组、PFNA 组、PFMBP 组。各标本骨折固定后包埋固定，分别行轴向压缩试验、扭转试验及最大轴向压缩破坏试验，计算对应轴向压缩刚度、扭转刚度，记录最大轴向载荷及标本破坏情况。 结果轴向压缩刚度 PFLCP 组为（109.42±30.14）N/mm，PFNA组为（119.13±29.14）N/mm，PFMBP 组为（162.05±22.05）N/mm，组间比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。同一组中不同扭转角度对应扭矩比较，以及同一扭转角度各组扭矩比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。扭转刚度 PFLCP 组为（1.45± 0.44）N·mm/deg，PFNA 组为（1.10±0.13）N·mm/deg，PFMBP 组为（1.36±0.32）N·mm/deg；PFLCP 组、PFMBP 组与 PFNA 组比较，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）；PFLCP 组及 PFMBP 组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。最大轴向载荷 PFLCP 组为（1 408.88±0.17）N，PFNA组为（1 696.56± 0.52）N，PFMBP 组为（2 154.65±0.10）N，3 组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论PFBMP 在轴向压缩刚度和扭转刚度方面优于 PFLCP 及 PFNA，提示维持内侧稳定性对于治疗股骨反转子间骨折具有重要意义。     

Mechanical and hypoxia stress can cause chondrocytes apoptosis through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress

ObjectiveTo examine the role of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis and osteoarthritis (OA)-liked pathological change on mandibular cartilage through over-activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).MethodsWe used two in vitro models to examine the effect of mechanical force and hypoxia on chondrocytes apoptosis separately. The mandibular condylar chondrocytes were obtained from three-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats. Flexcell 5000T apparatus was used to produce mechanical forces (12%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h vs 20%, 0.5 Hz, 24 h) on chondrocytes. For hypoxia experiment, the concentration of O₂ was down regulated to 5% or 1%. Cell apoptosis rates were quantified by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining and FACS analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot were performed to evaluate the activation of ERS and cellular hypoxia. Then we used a mechanical stress loading rat model to verify the involvement of ERS in OA-liked mandibular cartilage pathological change. Histological changes in mandibular condylar cartilage were assessed via hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. Immunohistochemistry of GRP78, GRP94, HIF-1α, and HIF-2α were performed to evaluate activation of the ERS and existence of hypoxia. Apoptotic cells were detected by the TUNEL method.ResultsTunicamycin, 20% mechanical forces and hypoxia (1% O₂) all significantly increased chondrocytes apoptosis rates and expression of ERS markers (GRP78, GRP94 and Caspase 12). However, 12% mechanical forces can only increase the apoptotic sensitivity of chondrocytes. Mechanical stress resulted in OA-liked pathological change on rat mandibular condylar cartilage which included thinning cartilage and bone erosion. The number of apoptotic cells increased. ERS and hypoxia markers expressions were also enhanced. Salubrinal, an ERS inhibitor, can reverse these effects in vitro and in vivo through the down-regulation of ERS markers and hypoxia markers.ConclusionWe confirmed that mechanical stress and local hypoxia both contributed to the chondrocytes apoptosis. Mechanical stress can cause OA-like pathological change in rat mandibular condylar cartilage via ERS activation and hypoxia existed in the meantime. Both mechanical forces and hypoxia can induce ERS and cause chondrocytes apoptosis only if the stimulate was in higher level. Salubrinal can protect chondrocytes from apoptosis, and relieve OA-liked pathological change on mandibular condylar cartilage under mechanical stress stimulation.     

单侧钉棒系统辅助对侧经皮关节突椎弓根螺钉固定治疗下腰椎退变性疾病

目的:探讨单侧钉棒系统辅助对侧经皮关节突椎弓根螺钉固定治疗下腰椎退变性疾病的置钉技巧和临床疗效。方法:2009年1月至2011年12月,收治22例下腰椎退变性疾病患者,其中男16例,女6例;年龄32～71岁,平均(51.1±10.6)岁;单节段20例,双节段2例。22例患者均采取经椎间孔腰椎体间融合(TLIF)术结合单侧钉棒系统辅助对侧经皮关节突椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗,通过视觉模拟评分(VAS)和Oswestry 功能障碍指数(ODI)对患者的临床疗效进行评定。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间1～2.5年,平均18个月。术后出现脑脊液漏1例,术后第3天出现减压侧下肢疼痛麻木1例。22例均获得骨性融合,未出现椎弓根螺钉与关节突椎弓根螺钉松动、移位、断裂及椎间融合器移位现象。腰椎VAS从术前的8.24±0.72减少至末次随访的3.18±0.66,ODI 从术前的36.72±6.84下降至末次随访的4.36 ±1.12.患者症状明显改善(P<0.05).结论:单侧钉棒系统辅助对侧经皮关节突椎弓根螺钉固定术具有创伤小、稳定性好、融合率高和并发症少等优点,是治疗下腰椎退变性疾病较好的手术方式。     

Genetic polymorphisms associated with intervertebral disc degeneration

Background contextDisc degeneration (DD) is a multifaceted chronic process that alters the structure and function of the intervertebral discs and can lead to painful conditions. The pathophysiology of degeneration is not well understood, but previous studies suggest that certain genetic polymorphisms may be important contributing factors leading to an increased risk of DD.PurposeTo review the genetic factors in DD with a focus on polymorphisms and their putative role in the pathophysiology of degeneration. Elucidating the genetic components that are associated with degeneration could provide insights into the mechanism of the process. Furthermore, defining these relationships and eventually using them in a clinical setting may allow an identification and early intervention for those who are at a high risk for painful DD.Study designLiterature review.MethodsThis literature review focused on the studies concerning genetic polymorphisms and their associations with DD.ResultsGenetic polymorphisms in 20 genes have been analyzed in association with DD, including vitamin D receptor, growth differentiation factor 5 (GDF5), aggrecan, collagen Types I, IX, and XI, fibronectin, hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 (HAPLN1), thrombospondin, cartilage intermediate layer protein (CILP), asporin, MMP1, 2, and 3, parkinson protein 2, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (PARK2), proteosome subunit β type 9 (PSMB9), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and IL1α, IL1β, and IL6. Each genetic polymorphism codes for a protein that has a functional role in the pathogenesis of DD.ConclusionsThere are known associations between several genetic polymorphisms and DD. Of the 20 genes analyzed, polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor, aggrecan, Type IX collagen, asporin, MMP3, IL1, and IL6 show the most promise as functional variants. Genetic studies are crucial for understanding the mechanism of the degeneration. This genetic information could eventually be used as a predictive model for determining a patient’s risk for symptomatic DD.     

Endobutton与螺钉内固定治疗下胫腓联合分离的临床疗效分析

目的 :探讨采用Endobutton纽扣钢板线缆系统与皮质骨螺钉内固定治疗下胫腓联合韧带损伤分离的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2011年10月至2013年10月,手术治疗的38例踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合分离者患者,按术中内固定材料,分为皮质螺钉内固定(A组)和Endobutton纽扣钢板线缆系统固定(B组)。其中A组26例,男16例,女10例;年龄19~63岁,平均(37.90±4.67)岁;左侧14例,右侧12例;按Danis-Weber分型:B型8例,C型18例;按照Lauge-Hanson分型:旋后外旋(SER)9例,旋前外展(PAB)10例,旋前外旋(PER)7例。B组12例,男7例,女5例;年龄20~55岁,平均(38.70±6.03)岁;左侧6例,右侧6例;按Danis-Weber分型:B型4例,C型8例;按Lauge-Hanson分型:旋后外旋3例,旋前外展2例,旋前外旋7例。记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、手术费用、住院时间、术后1个月疼痛评分、创口愈合情况及术后负重时间,定期复查X线片评估两组患者骨折愈合情况。术后采用美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)踝与后足评分系统对患者进行踝关节功能评价。结果:38例患者获得随访,时间8~18个月,平均13.5个月。术后A组比B组的手术时间更长、经济费用更高(P0.05);两组患者术中失血量、住院时间、术后1个月疼痛评分、负重时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);两组的胫腓骨重叠宽度、胫腓骨间隙、内踝间隙比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后X线片随访,A组骨折愈合良好,1例患者术后8周螺钉断裂,踝穴无移位,B组病例骨折愈合良好,无装置脱落,踝穴无移位。术后AOFAS评分:A组(87.50±8.67)分,优18例,良4例,可4例;B组(86.23±7.42)分,优7例,良4例,可1例。两组AOFAS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 :Endobutton纽扣钢板线缆系统是一种治疗下胫腓联合韧带损伤分离的弹性固定装置,其固定效果与螺钉内固定相似,但避免了螺钉断裂风险,术后无须常规取出,有利于患者提前进行负重功能锻炼。     

微创弹性髓内钉结合外固定支架治疗粉碎性闭合胫腓骨干骨折

目的:探讨微创弹性髓内钉结合外固定支架治疗粉碎性闭合胫腓骨干骨折的疗效。方法:2010年6月至2012年6月采用微创弹性髓内钉结合外固定支架技术治疗58例粉碎性闭合胫腓骨骨干折患者,男31例,女27例;年龄21～57岁,平均38.5岁。骨折按AO分型,B1型9例,B2型7例,B3型10例,C1型14例,C2型12例,C3型6例。根据Winquist -Hanson粉碎分级,1级23例,2级17例,3级12例,4级6例。终末随访根据Johner-Wruhs评分比较各治疗组患者疗效。结果:58例均获随访,时间18～36周,平均6.8个月。58例均获得骨性愈合,临床愈合时间为24～32周,平均28周。1级粉碎组优良率在明显高于其他3组,并发症的发生率随粉碎级别增高而增高,愈合时间随着粉碎级别增高而延长。C3型骨折并发症发生率明显高于其他组,优良率明显低于其他组,B1型骨折并发症发生率明显低于其他组,优良率明显高于其他组。结论:微创弹性髓内钉结合外固定支架技术治疗多段、长螺旋轻中度粉碎伴隐匿骨裂闭合性胫腓骨骨折能够获得满意的复位和可靠的固定,完全符合BO原则,最大程度保护了骨折端血运,减少带架时间,皮肤软组织并发症少,术后功能恢复满意。