Unilateral vs Bilateral Hip Bone Mineral Density Measurement for the Diagnosis of Osteoporosis

It has not been established whether unilateral or bilateral hip dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is preferable for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. We investigated the discordance in DXA measurements in bilateral hips to determine whether unilateral DXA is valid for osteoporosis diagnosis. The subjects were 2964 Japanese patients without a previous diagnosis of primary osteoporosis. We measured bilateral femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and calculated indices, related to the unilateral results, for predicting contralateral hip osteoporosis. A likelihood ratio (LR) of a negative test (LR [−]) of less than 0.2 was considered to exclude the diagnosis. In the normal spinal BMD group, the sensitivity of unilateral DXA for women was 27–73% and LR (−) was 0.28–0.73; the sensitivity for men was 0–50% and LR (−) was 0.51–1.00; the diagnosis of contralateral osteoporosis was not excluded. Sensitivity increased and LR (−) increased with worsening spinal BMD status; however, LR (−) did not meet the cutoff for exclusion. We could exclude unilateral hip osteoporosis, in women only, by performing contralateral femoral DXA; this necessitated lowering the T-score cutoff from −2.5 to −2.0. Unilateral femoral DXA is not useful for excluding the diagnosis of contralateral hip osteoporosis.     

全结直肠切除回肠贮袋肛管手缝吻合术在溃疡性结肠炎治疗中的临床价值

目的 评价全结直肠切除回肠贮袋肛管手缝吻合术（HIPAA）治疗溃疡性结肠炎的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析1989年1月至2013年12月天津医科大学总医院收治的191例溃疡性结肠炎患者的临床资料,采用开腹和腹腔镜辅助手术行HIPAA.末次手术后3个月和12个月进行问卷调查,依据24h和夜间排便次数、Bristol粪便分类表和Kirwan分级评价贮袋肛门功能.依据克利夫兰生命质量表评价生命质量;依据贮袋炎活动指数诊断贮袋炎.随访时间截至2014年4月.独立样本比较采用t检验,多组比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用LSD-t检验,计数资料比较采用x2检验.结果 191例患者中有180例行开腹手术,11例行腹腔镜手术.175例行二期手术,9例行一期手术,7例行三期手术.181例采用J型贮袋,9例采用H型贮袋,1例采用W型贮袋.患者无围手术期死亡,术后早期8例患者腹腔感染,7例切口感染,应用抗生素后治愈.术后1～2周发生贮袋吻合口出血4例,吻合口漏4例,给予止血处理后治愈.6例患者术后出现高位肠梗阻,经对应处理后缓解.8例患者发生贮袋炎,经饮食调节或抗生素治疗后缓解.2例患者发生性功能障碍.所有患者获得随访,随访时间1～25年.术后贮袋肛门功能不断改善,术后3个月24 h和夜间排便次数、Bristol粪便分类和Kirwan分级分别为（6.5±2.8）次,（2.9±1.5）次,Ⅳ类86例、Ⅴ类89例、Ⅵ类16例,Ⅰ级160例、Ⅱ级19例、Ⅲ级12例;术后12个月分别为（3.7±1.4）次,（1.3±0.5）次,Ⅳ类107例、Ⅴ类76例、Ⅵ类8例,Ⅰ级177、Ⅱ级8例、Ⅲ级6例,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（=12.36,3.98,x2=7.76,29.27,P＜0.05）.克利夫兰生命质量表评分：术前为（0.37±0.19）分,术后3个月为（0.67±0.16）分,术后12个月为（0.82±0.13）分,3者比较,差异有统计学意义（F=6.011,P＜0.05）.术后3个月与术前和术后12个月比较,差异有统计学意义（t=16.69,10.06,P＜0.05）;术后12?     

Nerve cell function and synaptic mechanisms

Nerve cells (neurones) are ‘excitable’ cells that can transduce a variety of stimuli into electrical signals, continuously sending information about the external and internal environment (in the form of sequences of action potentials) to the central nervous system (CNS). Interneurones in the CNS integrate this information and send signals along output (efferent) neurones to various parts of the body for the appropriate actions to be taken in response to environmental changes. Networks of neurones have been arbitrarily classified into various nervous systems that gather and transmit sensory information and control skeletal muscle function and autonomic function, etc. The junctions between neurones (synapses) are either electrical or chemical. The former permit the direct transfer of electrical current between cells, whereas the latter utilize chemical signalling molecules (neurotransmitters) to transfer information between cells. Neurotransmitters are mainly amino acids, amines or peptides (although other molecules such as purines and nitric oxide are utilized by some cells), and can be excitatory or inhibitory. Individual neurones within the CNS may receive synaptic inputs from thousands of other neurones. Therefore, each neurone ‘integrates’ this vast complexity of inputs and responds accordingly (either by remaining silent or firing action potentials to other neurones). Adaptations in the function and structure of chemical synapses in particular (synaptic plasticity) are thought to underlie the mechanisms mediating cognitive functions (learning and memory).     

Reliability of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging findings and their correlation with clinical outcome in patients with sciatica

Background contextGadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-MRI) is often performed in the evaluation of patients with persistent sciatica after lumbar disc surgery. However, correlation between enhancement and clinical findings is debated, and limited data are available regarding the reliability of enhancement findings.PurposeTo evaluate the reliability of Gd-MRI findings and their correlation with clinical findings in patients with sciatica.Study designProspective observational evaluation of patients who were enrolled in a randomized trial with 1-year follow-up.Patients samplePatients with 6- to 12-week sciatica, who participated in a multicentre randomized clinical trial comparing an early surgery strategy with prolonged conservative care with surgery if needed. In total 204 patients underwent Gd-MRI at baseline and after 1 year.Outcome measuresPatients were assessed by means of the Roland Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) for sciatica, visual analog scale (VAS) for leg pain, and patient-reported perceived recovery at 1 year. Kappa coefficients were used to assess interobserver reliability.MethodsIn total, 204 patients underwent Gd-MRI at baseline and after 1 year. Magnetic resonance imaging findings were correlated to the outcome measures using the Mann-Whitney U test for continuous data and Fisher exact tests for categorical data.ResultsPoor-to-moderate agreement was observed regarding Gd enhancement of the herniated disc and compressed nerve root (kappa<0.41), which was in contrast with excellent interobserver agreement of the disc level of the herniated disc and compressed nerve root (kappa>0.95). Of the 59 patients with an enhancing herniated disc at 1 year, 86% reported recovery compared with 100% of the 12 patients with nonenhancing herniated discs (p=.34). Of the 12 patients with enhancement of the most affected nerve root at 1 year, 83% reported recovery compared with 85% of the 192 patients with no enhancement (p=.69). Patients with and without enhancing herniated discs or nerve roots at 1 year reported comparable outcomes on RDQ and VAS-leg pain.ConclusionsReliability of Gd-MRI findings was poor-to-moderate and no correlation was observed between enhancement and clinical findings at 1-year follow-up.     

91例家族性胃癌的临床特点及预后分析

目的：探讨家族性胃癌的临床病理特征及预后,为制定合理的治疗方案提供临床依据。方法回顾性分析天津医科大学肿瘤医院胃部肿瘤科2003年3月至2007年10月收治的91例家族性胃癌患者的临床资料,选取同期293例散发性胃癌患者的临床资料进行对比分析。结果家族性胃癌患者肿瘤直径小于或等于5 cm者所占比例明显高于散发性胃癌患者[65．9％（60/91）比52．6％（154/293）,P＝0．025],低分化者所占比例高于散发性胃癌患者[68．1％（62/91）比55．6％（163/293）, P＝0．034]。家族性胃癌患者术后5年总体生存率明显低于散发性胃癌患者（25．6％比38．9％,P＝0．001）;进一步分层分析,T4期家族性胃癌与散发性胃癌患者5年生存率分别为14．5％和30．5％;N3期患者分别为10．4％和17．3％,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;两组间其他T分期和N分期5年生存率的差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。单因素分析显示,肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、病理类型、手术方式、浸润深度和淋巴结转移与家族性胃癌患者预后有关;多因素分析显示,肿瘤大小（HR＝2．271）、病理类型（HR＝1．449）、浸润深度（HR＝1．748）及淋巴结转移（HR＝1．487）是影响家族性胃癌患者预后的独立危险因素。结论与散发性胃癌比较,家族性胃癌患者具有肿瘤分化差和预后不佳的特点。     

复发转移胃肠间质瘤的治疗对策

靶向药物是治疗复发转移胃肠间质瘤（GIST）的首选。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（TKI）伊马替尼耐药后,特别是外显子9突变者接受舒尼替尼治疗可以获得满意的疾病控制率。TKI联合手术切除可能延长GIST肝转移患者的生存期。在严格掌握适应证的前提下,TKI联合手术可能是目前治疗复发转移GIST的最佳模式。多激酶抑制剂regorafenib和帕唑帕尼（pazopanib）对标准治疗失败的GIST患者仍可获得显著疗效。     

腹腔干分支变异及研究进展

腹腔干是一短而粗的动脉干,约于第一腰椎高度发自腹主动脉前壁。继则分为3支,即胃左动脉、肝动脉及脾动脉,分别供给腹腔上部脏器（胃、肝、脾、胰及十二指肠等）。然而以上3支的起点变化较多,国内外学者根据自己的见解,将腹腔动脉的分支列为若干类型,并相互补充。本文从腹腔干的分支变异类型、分型发展及其意义3方面进行探讨,以期为临床提供参考。作者根据胃左动脉、脾动脉和肝动脉的起源对变异类型进行分类,主要分为肝胃脾干型、肝脾干型、肝胃干型及胃脾干型,其他包括肝脾肠系膜干型、肝胃脾肠系膜干型、肝胃脾结肠干型、肝胃脾胰干型、胃脾干加肝肠系膜干型、肝胃脾肝左干型、肝胃脾胰十二指肠干型和肝胃干加肝脾干型等。从Lipshutz、Adachi、Michels分型及张年甲分型等介绍腹腔干变异分型的发展。     

The impact of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolites in Mongolian Chinese subjects

Purpose

Codeine is an analgesic drug acting on μ-opioid receptors predominantly via its metabolite morphine formed almost exclusively by CYP2D6. Genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6 are associated with diminished pain relief and/or severe opioid side effects. In Chinese individuals, CYP2D6*10 is the most common allele with reduced enzyme activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of this allele on the pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolites.

Method

A blood sample was collected from healthy Mongolian volunteers for CYP2D6 genotyping using a PCR-RFLP assay. A pharmacokinetic study was then carried out in three groups with CYP2D6*1/*1 (n?=?10), CYP2D6*1/*10 (n?=?10) and CYP2D6*10/*10 (n?=?9) genotypes by collecting serial blood samples for determination of plasma levels of codeine and its metabolites, morphine, morphine 3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine 6-glucuronide (M6G) before and after a single 30-mg oral dose of codeine phosphate. Codeine and its metabolites were measured by LC-MS/MS.

Results

No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of codeine in the three genotype groups. However, the C _max and AUC_0-∞ of morphine, M3G and M6G were significantly different between the study groups (P?<?0.05). Compared with the *1/*1 group, the AUC_0-∞ for morphine in the *1/*10 and *10/*10 groups decreased by ratios (95 % CI) of 0.93 (0.26–1.59) and 0.494 (0.135–0.853) respectively. Corresponding ratios for M3G were 0.791 (0.294–1.288) and 0.615 (0.412–0.818) and for M6G were 0.643 (0.39–0.957) and 0.423 (0.267–0.579).

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that the CYP2D6*10 allele plays an important role in the pharmacokinetics of the O-demethylated metabolites of codeine after oral administration.     

儿童自身免疫甲状腺病血清TSAb及TSBAb检测临床意义探讨

目的探讨促甲状腺激素受体刺激性抗体(TSAb),促甲状腺激素受体刺激阻断性抗体(TSBAb)在儿童Graves病(GD)、桥本甲状腺炎(HT)诊治过程中的临床价值与意义。方法 88例治疗时间小于6个月的自身免疫甲状腺病(AITD)儿童分为GD 55例(GD组)和HT 33例(HT组),选择同期健康儿童38例(正常组)作为对照。分别用人血清TSAb和TSBAb ELISA试剂盒检测3组血清TSAb、TSBAb的水平,比较3组血清TSAb、TSBAb的差异,并分析血清TSAb、TSBAb之间的相关性及其与血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、超敏促甲状腺素(TSH)的关系。结果 GD组血清TSAb水平高于HT组和正常组(均P<0.05);HT组血清TSBAb水平高于正常组(P<0.05);血清TSAb与TSBAb无相关性(P>0.05),血清TSAb、TSBAb与FT3、FT4、TSH均无相关性(均P>0.05)。结论 TSAb、TSBAb分别与儿童GD、HT的发病密切相关,在GD和HT的诊断和治疗中有重要的临床价值。     

鞘内注射阿片复合纳洛酮对切口痛大鼠痛行为学及血浆胃动素的影响

目的观察鞘内注射吗啡、芬太尼复合小剂量纳洛酮对切口痛大鼠痛行为学及血浆胃动素(MTL)的影响。方法取鞘内置管成功的健康雄性SD大鼠72只,随机分为6组(n=12):生理盐水(NS)组,切口痛(P)组,吗啡(5μg/kg)+芬太尼(0.25μg/kg)组(MFP组),吗啡+芬太尼+纳洛酮1(0.2 ng/kg)、2(1 ng/kg)、3(5 ng/kg)组(MFPN1、2、3组)。后5组行足跖肌切口。各组取其中6只于鞘内置管前24 h(T0)、造模前24 h(T1)、术后1 h(T2)、3 h(T3)、6 h(T4)、24 h(T5)、48 h(T6)、72 h(T7)检测机械缩足阈值(PWMT)与热缩足反射潜伏期(PWTL),剩余6只于术后6h即刻断头处死,取血浆以ELISA法检测MTL浓度。结果 MFPN2组与NS组各时点PWMT差异无统计学意义,而与NS组相比,T2、T5时点PWTL上调(P<0.05),其余各时点差异无统计学意义。P组、MFPN3组与NS组比较,T2、T3、T4时点PWMT、PWTL显著下调(P<0.05)。而MFPN3组与P组比较,T6时点PWMT及T3、T4时点PWTL下调更为显著(P<0.05)。P、MFP、MFPN1、MFPN3组与NS组比较,术后6 h MTL表达下调(P<0.05)。而MFPN2与NS组MTL表达差异无统计学意义。结论鞘内注射1 ng/kg纳洛酮抑制了吗啡+芬太尼对切口痛大鼠血浆MTL表达的影响,并能上调大鼠热辐射痛阈值,增强了阿片类药物的镇痛效果。