Senkyunolide H protects against MPP+-induced apoptosis via the ROS-mediated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in PC12 cells

Senkyunolide H (SNH) is a phthalide isolated from the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. that has been reported to have several pharmacological activities, including anti-atherosclerotic, antiproliferative, and cytoprotective effects. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects and potential mechanisms of SNH against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced oxidative stress. We demonstrated that SNH pretreatment significantly attenuated MPP⁺-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis in PC12 cells. In addition, SNH attenuated the effect of MPP⁺ on the expression of the pro-apoptotic factors Bax and caspase-3. Meanwhile, SNH prevented oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cytochrome C release, and malondialdehyde levels while increasing antioxidant enzyme activity (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). In addition, SNH inhibited nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase and phosphorylation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Overall, this investigation provides novel evidence that SNH exerts neuroprotective effects via the ROS-mediated MAPK pathway and represents a potential preventive or therapeutic agent for neuronal disorders.     

A novel transdermal drug delivery system based on self-adhesive Janus nanofibrous film with high breathability and monodirectional water-penetration

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) had achieved significant success in medical practice, but still suffered from adhesion failure and skin reaction due to the occlusive properties of hydrophobic pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs). In order to solve these problems, a novel TDDS patch based on self-adhesive Janus nanofibrous film was prepared by a multilayered electrospinning. This multifunctional patch was a bilayer structure. The subjacent layer was a hydrophobic and adhesive fibrous layer electrospun from polyacrylate PSA (HPSA), and the upper backing layer was a hydrophilic cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol) (c-PVA) nanofibrous film. The structures of the HPSA/c-PVA composite fibrous films were characterized and their application properties, including adherence performance, water vapor permeability, water-penetration, release characteristics, and skin irritation were evaluated. The results indicated that the HPSA/c-PVA composite fibrous films could provide suitable adhesive properties for TDDS application, excellent capacity for drug loading and release, aesthetical appearance and high safety for use on the skin. Especially, due to the nanofibrous network structures and the hydrophobic–hydrophilic wettability gradient from hydrophobic HPSA layer to the hydrophilic c-PVA layer, the Janus films possessed high breathability and monodirectional water-penetration. Water could penetrate from the hydrophobic to the hydrophilic side, but could not permeate through in the opposite direction. This may provide a feasible solution to the problems caused by the water, sweat, or wound exudate on the skin, when the hydrophobic PSAs were used as matrix for TDDS and wound dressing patches.     

Bovine serum albumin assisted preparation of ultra-stable gold nanoflowers and their selective Raman response to charged dyes

In this work, we demonstrated a facile, one-pot approach for preparation of gold nanoflowers by using tetrachloroauric acid as a gold precursor, ascorbic acid as a reductant, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a ligand. It was found that the morphology of the as-prepared gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) was dependent on the concentration of BSA introduced into the reaction solutions. It is identified that BSA directed the preferential growth along the 〈111〉 direction, which contributed to the anisotropic growth of Au NPs and thus the formation of Au nanoflowers. An increased concentration of BSA reduced the reactivity of the gold precursor, leading to the formation of Au nanoflowers with increased size, which could also be obtained by decreasing the amount of reductant added. The Au nanoflowers were ultra-stable in the presence of chloride ions under acidic pH, making them suitable for selective detection of oppositely charged dyes via surface-enhanced Raman scattering according to the isoelectric point (∼4.7) of BSA capped on their surface.

In this work, we demonstrated a facile, one-pot approach for preparation of gold nanoflowers by using tetrachloroauric acid as a gold precursor, ascorbic acid as a reductant, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a ligand.     

Mechanistic studies for monodisperse exenatide-loaded PLGA microspheres prepared by different methods based on SPG membrane emulsification

Poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres have been widely prepared by many methods, including solvent evaporation, solvent extraction and the co-solvent method. However, very few studies have compared the properties of microspheres fabricated by these methods. This is partly because the broad size distribution of the resultant particles severely complicates the analysis and affects the reliability of the comparison. To this end, uniform-sized PLGA microspheres have been prepared by Shirasu porous glass premix membrane emulsification and used to encapsulate exenatide, a drug for treating Type 2 diabetes. Based on this technique, the influences on the properties of microspheres fabricated by the aforementioned three methods were intensively investigated, including in vitro release, degradation and pharmacology. We found that these microspheres presented totally different release behaviors in vitro and in vivo, but exhibited a similar trend of PLGA degradation. Moreover, the internal structural evolution visually demonstrated these release behaviors. We selected for further examination the microsphere prepared by solvent evaporation because of its constant release rate, and explored its pharmacodynamics, histology, etc., in more detail. This microsphere when injected once showed equivalent efficacy to that of twice-daily injections of exenatide with no inflammatory response.     

中国大陆人群乙型肝炎经济负担研究综述

目的:获得中国大陆人群乙肝经济负担的研究现状及相关费用结果.方法:从CNKI、PUBMED、EMBASE、ECONLIT中检索有关乙肝经济负担的文献,对中国大陆人群乙肝经济负担现状进行分析.结果:按照纳入与排除标准,共人选24篇文献.不同文献的研究方法及研究结果存在一定差异.乙肝患者的年直接医疗费用为1 311元～119 269元,年直接非医疗费用为474元～9 350元,年间接费用为761元～100 934元,年无形费用为14 322元～84171元.结论:多数文献的结果表明,乙肝患者的经济负担是沉重的.在参考费用研究结果时,须同时考虑研究地域、患者纳入方法、数据来源等对结果的影响.     

2型糖尿病患者低血糖事件发生率及费用研究

目的:了解2型糖尿病患者低血糖事件发生率及费用情况.方法:通过对北京、天津共509名2型糖尿病患者进行问卷调查,了解2型糖尿病患者轻微、中度和严重低血糖的发生率及低血糖事件预防及治疗费用.结果:509名患者过去一年的低血糖发生率为54.03％,最近一周79人发生轻微低血糖事件146次,最近一月37人发生中度低血糖事件54次,最近一年6人发生严重低血糖事件6次.空腹血糖控制良好患者的轻微低血糖事件发生率较高,口服降糖药联合胰岛素的患者过去一年中低血糖发生率较高.轻微低血糖事件未发生医疗成本,中度低血糖事件费用为1 513.00元/次,严重低血糖费用为5 560.76元/次.结论:低血糖是2型糖尿病患者降糖治疗过程中常见的急性不良反应且发生率较高,对患者及其家庭均会带来的较大的负担.     

探讨新医改模式下的医院药学服务

目的：介绍中国新医改的主要内容及其对医院药学服务的影响,探讨医院药学适应新医改要求的具体做法。方法：综合国内外的文献,结合作者单位的工作实际,从多方面论述医院药学服务的发展方向。结果：新医改对医院药学服务提出了更高的要求,医院药学服务人员要从加强自身学习、优化管理模式、发挥临床药师作用、引入药物经济学方法等多个方面加强医院药学服务,为患者提供安全、有效、经济的药疗服务。结论：医院药学服务人员要根据本地区、本单位的实际,探索适应新医改要求的医院药学服务发展之路。     

开展临床药学服务的实践与体会

目的：探讨临床医师参与临床药学服务的主要方法。方法：综合国内外的文献,结合作者单位临床药师的工作实际,从多方面论述临床药师应如何开展临床药学服务。结果：临床药师参与临床药学服务在中国还刚刚起步,面临许多的困难和问题,临床药师应通过不断加强学习、逐步专科化、提高人际沟通能力等多个途径,提高自身工作能力,更好地服务于患者。结论：临床药学的不断推进是大势所趋,是当前医学和药学发展趋势所决定的,广大临床药师应主动作为、积极工作,探索出一条适合中国国情的临床药学发展之路。     

人脐带源间充质干细胞分离培养方法的改进

背景：脐带来源的间充质干细胞因其具有高度的自我更新和多向分化潜能,以及取材方便等优点而日益受到关注。 目的：建立一种改进的人脐带间充质干细胞分离、培养方法,并对其生物学特性进行分析。 方法：无菌条件下获取足月妊娠分娩胎儿脐带,利用改良的组织块贴壁法分离培养脐带间充质干细胞,即将传统组织贴壁法中本应丢弃的组织转移到新的培养瓶中进行二次贴壁培养,取第3代脐带间充质干细胞进行生物学特性分析。 结果与结论：组织贴壁后第5-7天可见有梭形细胞从组织块边缘爬出,第10天左右可形成明显的细胞克隆。将组织块转移到新培养瓶中继续培养,2d后即可见有细胞爬出,细胞生长速度较快,5d即可形成细胞克隆。传代后的细胞形态均一,呈成纤维细胞样的长梭形。流式细胞仪检测细胞高表达CD90、CD105,不表达CD34、CD45、HLA-DR。细胞增殖能力旺盛,平均倍增时间为50 h左右,41.24%的细胞处于G2/S期。体外可诱导分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞。上述实验结果证明二次贴壁培养出的细胞也具有间充质干细胞的生物学特性,而且通过这种培养方法获得的原代间充质干细胞数是传统方式培养的2倍。