基本公共卫生服务项目内容考核办法的研究

目的探索解决对基本公共卫生服务平台提供服务的绩效考核办法及支付方式。方法对百分制法和量化法的框架结构、制定流程、方法利弊进行分析。结果百分制法客观性差,难以取得满意的权重;量化法以项目作业成本单价测算为基础,建立数量与质量系数内在联系的考核办法,能客观的表达服务平台实际提供的服务量。结论百分制法要因标准的变化,适时修订权重;量化法结合居民综合满意度,可作为项目服务的考核及拨款依据。     

Inactivated influenza vaccine effectiveness and an analysis of repeated vaccination for children during the 2016/17 season

ObjectivesWe assessed the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) in children 6 months to 15 years of age during the 2016/17 season. In addition, we estimated the impact of repeated vaccination in children on VE.MethodsOur study for VEs in preventing influenza and admission due to influenza were conducted according to a test-negative case-control design (TNCC) based on influenza rapid diagnostic test results. We also analyzed the VE by vaccine status in the current and previous seasons for the impact of repeated vaccination.ResultsDuring the 2016/17 season, the quadrivalent IIV was used in Japan. The adjusted VE in preventing influenza illness was 38% (95% CI, 29–46) against influenza A and 39% (95% CI, 18–54) against influenza B. Infants showed no significant VE. The VE in preventing hospitalization was not demonstrated. For the analysis of repeated vaccination, the vaccine was effective only when immunization occurred in the current season. The children who were immunized in two consecutive seasons were more likely to develop influenza compared to those immunized in the current season only (odds ratio, 1.58 [95% CI, 1.05–2.38], adjusted odds ratio, 1.53 [95% CI, 0.99–2.35]). However, the odds ratio of repeated vaccination was not significant when the analysis excluded those who developed influenza in the previous season.ConclusionsVE in children in the 2016/17 season was similar to values previously reported. Repeated vaccination interfered with the VE against any influenza infection in the 2016/17 season. The results of our study suggest that decreased VE by repeat vaccination phenomenon was associated with immunity by influenza infection in the previous season. However, the influenza vaccine should be recommended every season for children.     

宿州市2005-2008年麻疹流行特征分析及消除对策探讨

目的研究宿州市2005-2008年麻疹的流行特征,探讨消除麻疹的措施。方法采取描述性流行病学方法 ,对麻疹监测系统的数据进行统计分析。结果 2005-2008年宿州市麻疹年均发病率为5.18/10万,2005年发病率最高;以小年龄组发病为主,5岁以下的小年龄组发病呈逐年上升趋势,尤其是〈1岁组儿童发病上升明显。对184例8月龄至5岁的麻疹病例进行麻疹疫苗（MV）免疫接种史情况分析,0剂次者占39.13%,1剂次者占35.33%,接种剂次不详者占22.28%。结论开展MV强化免疫活动,做好常规免疫接种工作,提高MV接种率和及时接种率,加强麻疹疑似病例的监测,预防医院内感染等是宿州市实现控制和消除麻疹目标的关键。     

溧阳市胃癌前病变危险因素病例-对照研究

目的探讨胃癌前病变可能的影响因素。方法对江苏省溧阳市胃癌前病变患者进行病例-对照研究,资料处理采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析。结果多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,对江苏省溧阳市胃癌前病变有影响的危险因素有上消化道肿瘤家族史（OR=2.57,95%CI=1.20～5.51）,常食用油条（OR=3.53,95%CI=1.66～7.51）,常食用咸菜（OR=5.38,95%CI=2.19～13.21）,常食用稀饭（OR=2.62,95%CI=1.06～6.46）。在调整年龄、家族遗传史、饮酒状况等混杂因素后,男性人群吸烟的OR为2.25（95%CI=1.09～4.61）。结论胃癌前病变的影响因素与胃癌类似。有上消化道肿瘤家族史的对象可能是胃癌前病变的高危人群。少摄入咸菜、油条和热烫的稀饭,可能会对胃癌前病变甚至胃癌的发生有预防作用。吸烟可能与男性胃癌前病变有关。     

中国5个地区母乳喂养现状及影响因素研究

目的了解婴幼儿母乳喂养水平,探讨影响母乳喂养方式的相关因素。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样,抽取了来自中国5个省份中5个城市的市区、镇和农村。以2006年1月1日至2008年12月31日出生的婴幼儿及父母为调查对象,共调查17 094名婴幼儿。采用现况研究方法,使用统一设计的调查表对调查对象进行面对面问卷调查。用Logistic回归分析方法估计影响母乳喂养因素的比值比（OR）及95%可信区间（CI）。结果哺乳期妇女纯母乳喂养率为62.56%。多因素调整的Logistic回归分析结果显示：汉族（OR=1.388,P〈0.01）、城市人口（OR=1.748,P〈0.01）、胎儿早产（OR=1.693,P〈0.01）、低出生体质量（OR=1.439,P〈0.01）以及母亲孕期疾病史（OR=1.340,P〈0.01）、年龄≥30岁（OR=1.155,P〈0.01）、流产史（OR=1.409,P〈0.01）、引产史（OR=1.872,P〈0.01）、文化程度高（OR=1.590～2.148,P〈0.01）等因素降低了母乳喂养率,而女婴（OR=0.928,P〈0.05）、胎次为2胎及以上（OR=0.882,P〈0.05）则母乳喂养率高。结论我国部分地区母乳喂养率超过50%,民族为汉族、城市人口、胎儿早产、低出生体质量及母亲孕期疾病史、年龄≥30岁、流产史、引产史和文化程度高是纯母乳喂养的影响因素,降低了母乳喂养率。     

Drug resistance profile of Mycobacterium kansasii clinical isolates before and after 2-month empirical antimycobacterial treatment

ObjectivesMycobacterium kansasii pulmonary disease is frequently misdiagnosed and treated as tuberculosis, especially in countries with high tuberculosis burden. This study aimed to investigate the drug resistance profile of M. kansasii in patients with M. kansasii pulmonary disease in Shanghai and to determine the variations in drug resistance after 2 months of antimycobacterial treatment.MethodsAll patients with a diagnosis of M. kansasii pulmonary disease from 2017 to 2019 in Shanghai were retrospectively analysed. Whole-genome sequencing was performed, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to antimycobacterial drugs was measured using the broth microdilution method.ResultsIn total, 191 patients had a diagnosis of M. kansasii pulmonary disease. Of them, 24.1% (46/191) had persistent positive culture after 2 months of antimycobacterial treatment. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the 46 paired isolates had a difference of <17 single nucleotide polymorphisms, thus excluding the possibility of exogenous reinfection. More than 90% of the baseline isolates were sensitive to rifampin, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, or amikacin, whereas a high resistance to ethambutol (118/191, 61.8%) and 4 μg/mL of isoniazid (32/191, 16.8%) were observed. Two isolates presented high resistance to rifamycin (i.e. a rifampin MIC of >8 μg/mL and a rifabutin MIC of 8 μg/mL) both containing the rpoB mutation (S454L). The increase of MIC to rifampin, ethambutol, and/or isoniazid was identified in 50.0% (23/46) of the patients.DiscussionA high prevalence of innate resistance to ethambutol and isoniazid was observed among circulating M. kansasii clinical strains in Shanghai. The increase in drug resistance under empirical antimycobacterial treatment highlighted the urgency of definitive species identification before initiating treatment.     

Combined effects of high sensitivity C-reactive protein and triglyceride–glucose index on risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older Chinese: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Background and aimsHigh sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and triglyceride glucose (TyG) index were proved to be independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, individual hsCRP or TyG index might not provide sufficient predictive value on CVD risk. The current study aimed to evaluate the cumulative effect of hsCRP and TyG index on CVD risk prospectively.Methods and resultsA total of 9626 participants were enrolled in the analysis. The TyG index was calculated as ln(triglyceride [mg/dL] × fasting glucose [mg/dL]/2). The primary outcome was new-onset CVD events (cardiac events or stroke), and the secondary outcomes were new-onset cardiac events and stroke, separately. Participants were divided into 4 groups through the median of hsCRP and TyG index. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox proportion hazard models. From 2013 to 2018, 1730 participants experienced CVD (570 stroke and 1306 cardiac events). Linear associations were found between hsCRP, TyG index, hsCRP/TyG ratio and CVD (all p < 0.05). Compared to participants with low hsCRP/low TyG index, multivariable adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for those with high hsCRP/high TyG index were 1.17 (1.03–1.37) for CVD. No interaction of hsCRP and TyG index was found on CVD (p_-interaction ≥0.05). Furthermore, adding hsCRP and TyG index simultaneously to conventional risk model improved risk reclassification for CVD, stroke and cardiac events (all p < 0.05).ConclusionThe present study suggested combination of hsCRP and TyG index might better improved the ability for risk stratification of CVD among middle-aged and older Chinese.     

Longitudinal association between triglyceride glucose index and depression progression in middle-aged and elder adults: A national retrospective cohort study

Background and aimsPsychological symptoms are prevalent among individuals with non-communicable diseases, while the longitudinal association between triglyceride glucose (TyG) index, an indicator of metabolic health, and depression progression remains unclear yet. This study aims to investigate the association of baseline TyG index and depression progression in middle-aged and elder adults.Methods and resultsThis retrospective cohort study enrolled 8287 participants aged 45 years or above from national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in visit 1 (2011–2012), which were biennially followed for depression score until visit 4 (2017–2018). Multivariate-adjusted regression models were used to evaluate the association of baseline TyG index with the individual level change rate and slope of depression score. The mean age (±SD) of participants was 58.25 ± 9.10 years, and 3806 (45.9%) were men. There was no significant difference of depression score at baseline across TyG quartile groups (P = 0.228). Participants in the highest quartile of TyG index had a 0.124 (95% CI: 0.018–0.230) higher change rate of depression score, and a 0.127 (95% CI: 0.019–0.235) higher change slope, compared to those in the lowest. The observed associations were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses, and stable in men, the elder, and overweight people.ConclusionTyG index is positively associated with depression progression especially in men, the elder and overweight people, which provides new insights for the primary prevention of depression disorder.