复方芪术汤对四氯化碳致大鼠肝纤维化的影响研究

目的探讨复方芪术汤对四氯化碳(CCl4)致大鼠肝纤维化药效的干预作用。方法Wistar雄性大鼠30只,随机分为正常组10只和四氯化碳处理组(20只),四氯化碳1 ml/kg,每周2次腹腔注射,正常组注射等量的生理盐水。造模的第8周,四氯化碳处理组大鼠随机分为复方芪术汤组和模型组,每组10只。在继续造模的同时,复方芪术汤组给予70千克成人的10倍量灌胃,模型组给予等量的生理盐水灌胃,给药4周。12周末处死全部大鼠,留取肝组织样本和血清,测定谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、白蛋白(ALB)、总胆红素(TBiL)。结果四氯化碳造模12周,模型组血清ALT、AST活性显著升高;ALB含量显著下降。血清TBiL含量显著升高。与模型组相比,复方芪术汤组大鼠血清ALB含量显著升高,血清ALT和AST活性显著降低(P<0.01)。但复方芪术汤对血清TBiL降低不明显。病理组织学显示,模型组假小叶形成,肝脏纤维化程度分级均为2、3级;复方芪术汤干预组肝小叶结构不同程度被破坏,肝脏纤维化程度分级大部分在1、2级。结论复方芪术汤可以显著改善大鼠肝功能,对CCl4引起的慢性肝纤维化大鼠有很好的降低肝纤维化程度的作用。     

10例HIV/AIDS相关Burkitt淋巴瘤(BL)临床病理和免疫表型分析

 目的  探讨HIV/AIDS相关Burkitt淋巴瘤(Burkitt lymphoma,BL)的临床病理学形态、免疫表型特点、诊断及其鉴别诊断。方法  按照WHO(2008)造血与淋巴组织肿瘤病理学分类,应用HE染色、免疫组化EnVision法染色、荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)及原位杂交并结合临床资料对2010年8月至2013年3月收集的10例HIV/AIDS相关BL进行综合分析。结果  10例患者中活检腋下肿块4例、颈部肿块3例、腹股沟肿块1例、腹部手术切除肿物2例。免疫组化染色瘤细胞均显示IgM、CD20、CD19、CD79a、CD10、Bcl 6阳性,CD5、CD21、CD30、EMA、Bcl 2、CD3、ALK-1、TdT阴性,Ki67增殖指数均＞90%,1例表达CD38及MUM-1,3例c-myc阳性,1例LMP-1阳性,突变型p53阳性表达5例。原位杂交EBER 示3例阳性;FISH示C-MYC基因断裂重组8例t(8;14)(q24;q32)。病理诊断:经典型BL 9例,浆细胞样分化BL 1例。结论  HIV-BL为高度恶性淋巴瘤,预后较差,光镜下易与弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤和淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤/白血病等相混淆,结合典型病理表现、免疫组化和FISH技术有助于临床病理诊断及其鉴别诊断。     

免疫性肝纤维化大鼠血浆氨基酸浓度与肝纤维化程度的相关性研究

目的探讨血浆氨基酸浓度与肝纤维化程度的相关性。方法通过注射猪血清构建不同分期大鼠肝纤维化模型。采用Agilent 1100,通过高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatograph,HPLC)测定大鼠血浆中的氨基酸浓度。利用统计学方法分析血浆氨基酸浓度与肝纤维化程度之间的相关性。结果根据柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定的大鼠血浆中16种游离氨基酸含量及Spearman等级相关分析和方差分析发现:血浆组氨酸(histidine,His)、苯丙氨酸(phenylalanine,Phe)、苏氨酸(threonine,Thr)、酪氨酸(tyrosine,Tyr)、缬氨酸(valine,Val)等与肝纤维化程度具有相关性(His:rs=0.512,P=0.015;Phe:rs=0.713,P<0.01;Thr:rs=0.567,P=0.006;Tyr:rs=0.753,P<0.01;Val:rs=0.508,P=0.016);His、Phe和Tyr在不同肝纤维化病理分期中的浓度均与正常组有统计学差异,但在不同病理分期间无统计学差异。结论血浆中His、Phe和Tyr浓度与肝纤维化程度正相关,但对肝纤维化病理分期无判别意义。     

中草药与抗艾滋病病毒化学药物相互作用的研究进展

目的 HIV感染者由于免疫力低下导致各种机会性感染,中草药和化学药物联合用药的现象十分普遍。但是中草药成分复杂,可能影响抗病毒化学药物的有效性、安全性,引起HIV耐药等问题。本研究综述中草药与抗艾滋病病毒化学药物相互作用的研究进展。方法 从百度(www.baidu.com)和Pubmed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)中搜索有关“中草药(herb)、抗艾滋病病毒药物(anti-HIV drugs)、药物与药物相互作用(drug-drug interaction)”的文献,然后进行归纳整理。结果 综述了中草药与化学药物联合用药现状,中草药对抗病毒化学药物的药动学影响以及对CYP450代谢酶的作用。结论 系统地综述了中草药与抗艾滋病病毒化学药物的相互作用,为临床合理用药提供参考。     

Healthcare worker feedback on duodenoscope reprocessing workflow and ergonomics

BackgroundThe objectives of this survey study were to assess duodenoscope precleaning and manual cleaning times, identify human factors issues in duodenoscope reprocessing workflow or ergonomics, and ascertain any best practices in duodenoscope reprocessing.MethodsResearchers developed the confidential, qualitative, online Duodenoscope Reprocessing Workflow and Ergonomic Design Human Factors Survey with an intended audience of healthcare workers (HCWs) who routinely perform duodenoscope precleaning or manual cleaning. The unrestricted survey link was distributed to target HCW email addresses in December 2020; the survey closed in January 2021.ResultsThree hundred and forty-one individuals completed the survey. Most respondents complete duodenoscope precleaning in 10 minutes or less and manual cleaning in 16-to-30 minutes. Most respondents’ facilities use fixed distal endcap duodenoscopes. Most respondents experience pressure to work faster when cleaning duodenoscopes and reported that cleaning duodenoscopes caused fatigue or discomfort in at least one body part. Mentoring HCWs and retaining experienced staff were 2 primary duodenoscope reprocessing best practices identified by respondents.Discussion and ConclusionsTo enhance duodenoscope cleaning, facilities should provide ample reprocessing work spaces with incorporated height-adjustable work surfaces, train HCWs on validated duodenoscope reprocessing instructions, provide step-by-step instructions for HCWs when duodenoscope cleaning is performed, mentor reprocessing HCWs, and retain experienced staff.     

Longitudinal associations between cancer history and cognitive functioning among older adults

ObjectivesThis study aimed to examine (1) whether cancer history accelerates older adults’ rates of cognitive decline over time and (2) whether chemotherapy increases older cancer patients’/ survivors’ rates of cognitive decline over time.MethodsThis longitudinal study drew a subsample of 8811 adults aged 65 or older from Wave 6 of the Health and Retirement Study in 2002 and followed biennually until Wave 13 in 2016. Linear mixed-effects models were performed to test whether cancer history and chemotherapy were associated with accelerated rates of cognitive decline over time among older adults in different age groups.ResultsMiddle-old adults (aged 75–84) with a cancer history had significantly reduced rates of cognitive decline over time, including the global measure of cognitive functioning (B = 0.16, p< .01), mental status (B = 0.08, p< .01), and episodic memory (B = 0.09, p< .05) compared to their counterparts without a cancer history. This effect was not significant for the youngest-old (aged 65–74) or oldest-old adults (aged 85 or older). Also, chemotherapy was not significantly associated with older cancer patients’/survivors’ cognitive functioning at baseline or over time in different age groups.ConclusionsThis study finds that cancer history and chemotherapy do not further exacerbate older adults’ cognitive functioning over time. On the contrary, cancer history shows a “protective” effect on middle-old adults’ cognitive functioning. This encouraging finding indicates that older adults can be more actively engaged in the decision-making of treatments and following care plans. Future mediation studies are needed to further investigate underlying mechanisms.     

Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis with combined serum aminotransferase/platelet ratio index and hyaluronic acid in patients with chronic hepatitis B

AIM： To construct a noninvasive assessment model consisting of routine laboratory data to predict significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B （CHB）. METHODS： A total of 137 consecutive patients with CriB who underwent percutaneous liver biopsy were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into two groups according to their aminotransferase （ALT） level. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value （PPV）, negative predictive value （NPV）, the likelihood ratio （LR） of aminotransferase/platelet ratio index （APRI） ≥ 1.5 or 〈 1.5 in combination with different hyaluronic acid （HA） cut-off points were calculated for the presence of moderate to severe fibrosis/cirrhosis （fibrosis stages 2 and 4） and no to mild fibrosis/cirrhosis （fibrosis stages 0 and 1）. RESULTS： The APRI correlated with fibrosis stage in CriB patients. The APRI ≥1.5 in combination with a cut-off HA cut-off point 〉 300 ng/mL could detect moderate to severe fibrosis （stages 2-4） in Crib patients. The PPV was 93.7%, the specificity was 98.9%. The APRI 〈 1.5 in combination with different HA cut-off points could not detect no to mild fibrosis in CHB patients. CONCLUSION： The APRI ≥ 1.5 in combination with a HA cut-off point 〉 300 ng/mL can detect moderate to severe fibrosis （stages 2-4） in Crib patients.     

A novel linear neutralizing epitope of hepatitis E virus

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a serious public health problem that causes acute hepatitis in humans and is primarily transmitted through fecal and oral routes. The major anti-HEV antibody responses are against conformational epitopes located in a.a. 459–606 of HEV pORF2. All reported neutralization epitopes are present on the dimer domain constructed by this peptide. While looking for a neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb)-recognized linear epitope, we found a novel neutralizing linear epitope (L2) located in a.a. 423–437 of pORF2. Moreover, epitope L2 is proved non-immunodominant in the HEV-infection process. Using the hepatitis B virus core protein (HBc) as a carrier to display this novel linear epitope, we show herein that this epitope could induce a neutralizing antibody response against HEV in mice and could protect rhesus monkeys from HEV infection. Collectively, our results showed a novel non-immunodominant linear neutralizing epitope of hepatitis E virus, which provided additional insight of HEV vaccine.