ICP-MS与原子荧光光谱法测定化妆品中砷、汞含量的比较

目的通过对比ICP-MS法和原子荧光光谱法测定化妆品中砷和汞的含量,为化妆品中砷、汞的测定提供准确、可靠、简便的方法。方法采用微波消解技术,对仪器的工作条件进行优化,分别用ICP-MS法和原子荧光光谱法测定化妆品中砷和汞的含量。结果两种方法线性范围良好(r≥0.999 5),ICP-MS法中砷和汞的检出限分别为0.022和0.018 mg/kg,加标回收率在98.9%~102.3%之间,RSD在1.58%~1.90%之间;原子荧光光谱法中砷和汞的检出限分别为0.015和0.010 mg/kg,加标回收率在99.2%~100.9%之间,RSD在1.65%~2.15%之间;两种方法对标准物质的检测值均在规定的标准值范围内。结论两种方法测量的准确度和精密度都符合要求,若只测定砷和汞,且含量较低时,则推荐采用原子荧光光谱法。ICP-MS法具有简便准确、快速灵敏、稳定性好,线性范围宽的特点,更适用于大批量化妆品样品的多元素检测,且能够大大地提高检测效率。     

北京市乳腺癌根治术后手术部位感染危险因素:一项多中心前瞻性监测结果

 目的 调查北京地区乳腺癌根治手术后手术部位感染（SSI）发病率及其危险因素。方法 通过北京医院感染监控管理系统,对全市83所二级及以上医疗机构进行乳腺癌根治/改良根治术前瞻性监测,应用SPSS 20.0软件对SSI情况进行描述分析及logistic回归分析。结果 共纳入2012—2017年监测数据库中8 248例病例,发生SSI 62例,发病率为0.75%。糖尿病、手术后入住过ICU、手术时长和ASA评分是乳腺癌根治/改良根治术患者SSI的危险因素。糖尿病患者相较于非糖尿病患者SSI的风险增加（OR=2.99,95%CI：1.33~6.73）;术后入住过ICU的患者发生SSI的风险是未入住过ICU的5.72倍（OR=5.72,95%CI：1.68~19.45）;手术时间每增加1 h,术后感染的风险增加27%（OR=1.27,95%CI：1.11~1.46）;ASA评分每高一个级别,SSI的风险将增加54%（OR=1.54,95%CI：1.01~2.35）。结论 多中心大样本的目标监测提示2012—2017年北京地区乳腺癌手术后SSI发病率较低。糖尿病、入住过ICU、手术时间和ASA评分应作为预判SSI的重要因素,在综合考虑影响患者SSI的因素后制定个性化预防策略。     

医疗安全不良事件417例统计分析与管理对策

目的:通过对该院2019年度上报的医疗安全不良事件进行回顾性统计分析,提出改进措施,提高医疗质量管理。方法:运用PDCA循环管理工具,对该院各部门2019年1-12月通过OA信息化平台上报的417例医疗安全不良事件进行现状调查和原因分析。结果:上报的医疗安全不良事件主要是医疗和护理类事件,共占93.52%;不良事件分级主要是Ⅲ级,为320例,占比76.74%;不良事件前10位发生原因总共占85.13%;不良事件上报例数与床位数比值前10位科室的比值均在20%以上,比值低于10%的不达标科室病区共有8个。结论:医疗安全和质量的提高,不仅要进一步落实各项规章制度,更要强化行政职能部门的管理职责。     

Reimagining Nutrition Care and Mealtimes in Long-Term Care

Poor food and fluid intake and subsequent malnutrition and dehydration of residents are common, longstanding challenges in long-term care (LTC; eg, nursing homes, care homes, skilled nursing facilities). Institutional factors like inadequate nutrition care processes, food quality, eating assistance, and mealtime experiences, such as staff and resident interactions (ie, relationship-centered care) are partially responsible and are all modifiable. Evidence-based guidelines on nutrition and hydration for older adults, including those living with dementia, outline best practices. However, these guidelines are not sector-specific, and implementation in LTC requires consideration of feasibility in this setting, including the impact of government, LTC home characteristics, and other systems and structures that affect how care is delivered. It is increasingly acknowledged that interconnected relationships among residents, family members, and staff influence care activities and can offer opportunities for improving resident nutrition. In this special article, we reimagine LTC nutrition by reframing the evidence-based recommendations into relationship-centered care practices for nutrition care processes, food and menus, eating assistance, and mealtime experience. We then expand this evidence into actions for implementation, rating these on their feasibility and identifying the entities that are accountable. A few of the recommended activities were rated as highly feasible (6 of 27), whereas almost half were rated moderate (12/27) and the remainder low (9/27) owing to the need for additional staff and/or expert staff (including funding), or infrastructure or material (eg, food ingredients) investment. Government funding, policy, and standards are needed to improve nutrition care. LTC home leadership needs to designate roles, initiate training, and support best practices. Accountability will result from enforcement of policies through auditing of practice. Further evidence on these desirable nutrition care and mealtime actions and their benefit to residents’ nutrition and well-being is required.     

A Novel Collaborative Care Program to Augment Nursing Home Care During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic

The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic created an immediate need to enhance current efforts to reduce transfers of nursing home (NH) residents to acute care. Long-Term Care Plus (LTC+), a collaborative care program developed and implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, aimed to enhance care in the NH setting while also decreasing unnecessary acute care transfers. Using a hub-and-spoke model, LTC+ was implemented in 6 hospitals serving as central hubs to 54 geographically associated NHs with 9574 beds in Toronto, Canada. LTC+ provided NHs with the following: (1) virtual general internal medicine (GIM) consultations; (2) nursing navigator support; (3) rapid access to laboratory and diagnostic imaging services; and (4) educational resources. From April 2020 to June 2021, LTC+ provided 381 GIM consultations that addressed abnormal bloodwork (15%), cardiac problems (13%), and unexplained fever (11%) as the most common reasons for consultation. Sixty-five nurse navigator calls addressed requests for non-GIM specialist consultations (34%), wound care assessments (14%), and system navigation (12%). One hundred seventy-seven (46%, 95% CI 41%-52%) consults addressed care concerns sufficiently to avoid the need for acute care transfer. All 36 primary care physicians who consulted the LTC+ program reported strong satisfaction with the advice provided. Early results demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of an integrated care model that enhances care delivery for NH residents where they reside and has the potential to positively impact the long-term care sector by ensuring equitable and timely access to care for people living in NHs. It represents an important step toward health system integration that values the expertise within the long-term care sector.     

Combined Effects of Cognitive Impairment and Nutritional Trajectories on Functional Recovery for Older Patients after Hip-Fracture Surgery

ObjectivesMalnutrition and cognitive impairment are associated with poor functional recovery in older adults following hip-fracture surgery. This study examined the combined effects of cognitive impairment and nutritional trajectories on postoperative functional recovery for older adults following hip-fracture surgery.DesignProspective longitudinal correlational study.Setting and ParticipantsThis study recruited 350 older adults (≥60 years of age) who received hip-fracture surgery at a 3000-bed medical center in northern Taiwan from September 2012 to March 2020.MethodsParticipant data were collected over a 2-year period after surgery for nutritional and cognitive status and activities of daily living (ADLs). Participants were grouped by type of nutritional trajectory using group-based trajectory modeling. Generalized estimating equations analyzed associations between trajectory groups/cognitive status at discharge and performance of ADLs.ResultsNutritional trajectories best fit a 3-group trajectory model: malnourished (19%), at-risk of malnutrition (40%), and well-nourished (41%). Nutritional status for the malnourished group declined from 12 months to 24 months following surgery; nutritional status remained stable for at-risk of malnutrition and well-nourished groups. Interactions for cognitive impairment-by-nutritional status were significant: the malnourished + intact cognition subgroup had significantly better ADLs than the malnourished + cognitive impairment subgroup (b = 27.1, 95% confidence interval = 14.0–40.2; P < .001). For at-risk of malnutrition and well-nourished groups, there were no significant differences between cognitive impairment and intact cognition in ADLs. These findings suggest that nutritional status may buffer the negative effect of cognitive impairment on ADLs.Conclusions and ImplicationsBetter nutritional status over time for older adults following hip fracture can protect against adverse influences of cognitive impairment on ADLs during postoperative recovery. Participants with malnutrition and cognitive impairment had the poorest ADLs. These findings suggest interventions tailored to improving nutritional status may improve recovery for older adults following hip-fracture surgery.     

Systems of care among children and youth with special health care needs with and without adverse childhood events: National Survey of Children's Health 2016–2017

BackgroundKnowledge of adverse childhood events (ACEs), the associated access to healthcare and unmet needs among children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) is limited.ObjectivesOur objectives were to compare the likelihood of CYSHCN versus non-CYSHCN experiencing one or more ACEs and document differences in receipt of recommended and needed health care among CYSHCN with and without ACEs.MethodsWe combined two years of data from the 2016 and 2017 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 71,181), providing a sample of 16,304 CYSHCN. Our primary outcome measures included eight adverse childhood events, compared to singular and aggregated ACEs among non-CYSHCN. We calculated associations between ACEs and secondary outcome measures for six components of well-functioning systems of care and unmet need for different types of health care using bivariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsCYSHCN were more likely to have each of the ACEs measured and were likelier to experience aggregated levels of ACEs compared to non-CYSHCN. The likelihood of CYSHCN having a medical home with family-centered and coordinated care decreased with increased ACEs, while one or more ACES increased the likelihood of having unmet needs for mental health care.ConclusionThe findings of the current study extend our understanding of the additional adverse event burden associated with special health care needs status, the accompanying limitations in access to family-centered and coordinated care in a medical home and unmet need for mental health care, indicating that much work remains in establishing appropriate care systems for this very vulnerable population.     

Introduction of an enhanced recovery pathway results in decreased length of stay in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion: A description of implementation strategies and retrospective before-and-after study of outcomes

Study objectiveThis study assessed whether implementation of an enhanced recovery-based pathway decreased length of stay without increasing readmissions among patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion.DesignRetrospective observational before-and-after study.SettingA tertiary children's hospital.PatientsA total of 117 patients were studied, 78 in the pre-intervention group and 39 in the post-intervention group. All patients underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in the same institution with one of two spine surgeons. Age, sex, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status, and Cobb angle were comparable between the two groups.InterventionsBetween the pre- and post-intervention groups an enhanced recovery protocol was developed. The pathway included standardized use of nonopioid analgesics, proactive transition to oral analgesics, scheduled antiemetics, plans for diet advancement, and specific physical therapy goals.MeasurementsOutcome measurements included hospital length of stay, cumulative opioid doses in the first two postoperative days, and time to discontinuation of urinary catheter and patient-controlled analgesia. Postoperative emergency department visits, hospital readmissions and chronic pain management referrals were also measured. Pain scores on postoperative days one through four were recorded.Main resultsHospital length of stay decreased from 4.6 days to 3.8 days. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) was discontinued one day earlier on average following pathway implementation. Average cumulative postoperative opioid use, in morphine equivalents, decreased in the first two postoperative days from 2.5 to 2.2 mg/kg. There was no change in hospital readmission rate or postoperative chronic pain referral.ConclusionsPatients undergoing PSF for AIS experienced shorter hospital stays without increased readmissions following the implementation of an enhanced recovery pathway. Development of this pathway required buy-in from multiple stakeholders and significant coordination among services. The principles used to develop this pathway may be applied in other institutions and to other patient populations using the model outlined here.