2000年中国总膳食研究——膳食汞摄入量

目的了解2000年中国不同地区膳食中总汞含量和成年男子人均汞膳食摄入量。方法采用总膳食研究方法,通过膳食调查、统计不同地区人群各种食物的消费量、按照所得的食物消费量数据烹调加工成可食的各种食物类别。膳食样品中总汞含量采用冷原子吸收光谱法测定,并按成年男子各种食品的消费量与实测膳食中汞的含量相乘得到不同地区总汞的实际摄入量。采用世界卫生组织推荐的总汞每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI)值评价中国四个大区成年男子膳食中总汞摄入的安全性。结果除某些地区的个别食物样品超过中国食品卫生中总汞限量标准外,四个大区和全国成年男子平均膳食总汞摄入量(占%PTWI)分别为:8·86μg(19·7%)、4·69μg(10·4%)、7·01μg(15·6%)、6·88μg(15·3%)和6·86μg(15·2%)。结论结果显示中国人群膳食中总汞摄入量是安全的。     

Neurobehavioral Assessment of Rats Exposed to Yttrium Nitrate during Development

Objective The aim of this study was to assess the effects of yttrium nitrate on neurobehavioral development in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Methods Dams were orally exposed to 0, 5, 15, or 45 mg/kg daily of yttrium nitrate from gestation day (GD) 6 to postnatal day (PND) 21. Body weight and food consumption were monitored weekly. Neurobehavior was assessed by developmental landmarks and reflexes, motor activity, hot plate, Rota-rod and cognitive tests. Additionally, brain weights were measured on PND 21 and 70.
Results No significant difference was noted among all groups for maternal body weight and food consumption. All yttrium-exposed offspring showed an increase in body weight on PND 21;however, no significant difference in body weight for exposed pups versus controls was observed 2 weeks or more after the yttrium solution was discontinued. The groups given 5 mg/kg daily decreased significantly in the duration of female forelime grip strength and ambulation on PND 13. There was no significant difference between yttrium-exposed offspring and controls with respect to other behavioral ontogeny parameters and postnatal behavioral test results.
Conclusion Exposure of rats to yttrium nitrate in concentrations up to 45 mg/kg daily had no adverse effects on their neurobehavioral development.     

中国9省(自治区)1991－2011年18～44岁人群蔬菜水果摄入状况及变化趋势

目的 研究1991－2011年中国9省(自治区)18～44岁人群蔬菜、水果的摄入状况及变化趋势。方法 以“中国健康与营养调查”(CHNS)1991－2011年调查数据为基础,选择连续3天24 小时有完整膳食数据的18～44岁健康人群作为研究对象,计算该人群平均每天蔬菜、水果的摄入率及摄入量,并与《中国居民膳食指南》蔬菜、水果推荐摄入量进行比较。结果 1991－2011年中国9省(自治区)18～44岁人群蔬菜摄入率变化不大、摄入量下降明显;水果摄入率及摄入量不断提高,2011年调查人群蔬菜、水果摄入率及摄入量分别为99.7%、48.0%、321.6 g/d、90.1 g/d。蔬菜摄入量达到《中国居民膳食指南》推荐摄入量的人群比例显著下降,至2011年为50.2%;水果摄入量达到《中国居民膳食指南》推荐摄入量的人群比例显著上升,至2011年为17.4%。结论 中国9省(自治区)18～44岁人群蔬菜、水果平均摄入量仍低于《中国居民膳食指南》的推荐摄入量,应采取措施进一步促进该人群蔬菜和水果的摄入。     

Interactions between effects of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms on BMD and experiences of the first spermorrhea in Chinese Han boys

Objective To study the interaction between polymorphisms of estrogen receptor （ER） gene and puberty on bone mineral density （BMD）. Methods One hundred and forty-six boys aged 13-17 years were divided into two groups according to their first sperrnorrhea. DNA was analyzed for Xba I and Pvu 1/genotypes by PCR-RFLP. BMD of the total body, forearm and lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry （DXA）. The relationship between polymorphisms of ER gene and BMD in these two groups was analyzed. Results The BMD at all sites in the sperrnorrhea group was significantly higher than that in the un-sperrnorrhea group. The independent contribution of ER genotypes to BMD at two pubertal stages was analyzed after adjusting co-variables. In the un-sperrnorrhea group, the BMD at distal 1/10 and 1/3 forearm of those carrying pp genotype was significantly higher than that of the non-carries, whereas in the sperrnorrhea group BMD in those carrying the same genotype was significantly lower than that in the non-carriers. Similar results were obtained by haplotype analysis. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that body weight, age and the first sperrnorrehea were the dominant determinants for BMD. BMD at forearm might be influenced by interaction between ER genotype and the first spermorrehea. Conclusion The polymorphisms of ER gene play a different role in BMD influenced by the first spermorrhea. Chinese boys carrying p or x allele should pay more attention to their bone mass.     

Cost-effectiveness of saxagliptin (Onglyza®) in type 2 diabetes in Sweden

AimThe objective of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of saxagliptin (Onglyza^®), a DPP-4 inhibitor, plus metformin compared with a sulphonylurea (SU) (Glipizide) plus metformin in Swedish patients not well controlled on metformin alone.MethodsData from a 52-week clinical trial comparing saxagliptin and glipizide in combination with metformin was used in a simulation model to estimate long term complications in a cohort of type 2 diabetes patients. The model estimates the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications, diabetes-specific mortality, all-cause mortality, and ultimately, costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) associated with the investigated treatment strategies. Costs and QALYs were estimated for a lifetime time horizon.ResultsCompared with SU + metformin, the cost per QALY gained with saxagliptin + metformin is approximately SEK 91,000. Patients on saxagliptin + metformin gain 0.10 QALYs on average, at an incremental cost of around SEK 9500. The cost-effectiveness results were robust to various sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that, over a patient's lifetime, the addition of saxagliptin to metformin is associated with improvements in quality-adjusted life years compared with SU in patients with type 2 diabetes. Saxagliptin treatment is a cost-effective treatment alternative for type 2 diabetes in patients not well-controlled on metformin alone.     

The nambour skin cancer and actinic eye disease prevention trial: Design and baseline characteristics of participants

The Nambour Skin Cancer and Actinic Eye Disease Prevention Trial (the Nambour Trial) is a field trial conducted in an unselected adult population in Australia. Using a randomized 2 × 2 factorial design, the principal aim is to evaluate whether regular use of high-protection sunscreen and for dietary snpplementation with β-carotene (30 mg daily) can alter the incidence rates of basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin over a minimum follow-up time of 4.5 years. Changes in the incidence of solar keratoses and actinic eye disease and the rate of photoaging after intervention will also be investigated. In 1992, 1626 participants between the ages of 25 and 75 years were enrolled, all of whom had been randomly selected from residents of the southeastern Queensland township of Nambour for an earlier skin cancer prevalence survey. This paper describes the background to the trial and its design, with respect to evaluation of effects on actinic skin disease, and documents the baseline characteristics of participants recruited into the Nambour Trial.