大脑皮质类器官培养及其在中枢神经系统疾病中的应用

文题释义： 大脑皮质类器官：利用三维细胞培养的方法,在合适的条件下将多能干细胞从单细胞生成一种能发育成神经上皮并具有类似活体大脑组织的复杂结构。 自我重组：像胚胎干细胞或诱导性多能干细胞这一类的多能干细胞,具有自发发育成某些原始结构的趋势。 背景：大脑组织是人体发育最复杂的结构,许多人类大脑疾病难以在动物体内重现,因此建立大脑发育的体外模型具有非常重要的研究价值。最近几年随着干细胞领域的飞速发展,出现了一种人工组织培养技术,即通过体外三维培养的方式,将干细胞从单个细胞生成一种复杂的、类似活体组织的结构,这种结构称为类器官。 目的：文章从大脑类器官的培养现状、发生机制、组织学特征及在神经系统疾病中的应用等多个方面综述了近年来大脑类器官的研究进展,并分析了目前大脑类器官的研究缺陷,旨在为相关领域的研究提供参考。 方法：由第一作者检索1998年1月至2019年6月中国知网、万方、PubMed数据库相关文献,检索词为“类器官、大脑类器官、胚胎干细胞、诱导性多能干细胞、神经发生、大脑皮质、发育、神经退行性疾病”“organoids,cerebral organoids,embryonic stem cells,induced pluripotent stem cells, neurogenesis,cerebral cortex,development,neurological diseases,self-organization”,纳入45篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：利用多能干细胞自我重组的特性及添加神经诱导因子的方法,在体外可以有效产生大脑皮质类器官。作为一种全新的生物培养技术,大脑类器官在研究活体组织的发育、疾病形成的机制、组织替代疗法以及药物实验等方面都有很大的研究和应用价值。 ORCID: 0000-0002-8700-3030(范文娟) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Research progress on the structure and function of endomucin

Endomucin is a type I integral membrane glycoprotein, which is expressed in venous and capillary endothelial cells. It consists of 261 amino acids with an extracellular domain that is highly O‐glycosylated at serine and threonine residues and has several potential N‐glycosylation sites. Endomucin plays an important role in biological processes such as cell interaction, molecular cell signaling, angiogenesis and cell migration, and in recent years it has also been identified as an anti‐adhesion molecule and a marker of endothelial cells. While it has been shown to be involved in a number of physiological and pathological mechanisms, many of its functions remain unknown, and further study is needed. This article reviews research progress on the function of endomucin to date, in order to provide guidance for future studies.     

Diagnostic value of Omniview technique on the agenesis of corpus callosum

Objective: This study aimed to discuss the diagnostic value of Omniview technique on the agenesis of corpus callosum.

Methods: A total of 43 pregnant women with no obvious structural abnormality and eight pregnant women who diagnosed with agenesis of corpus callosum (ACC) were included in this study. The 2D ultrasonography and the 3D ultrasonography Omniview technique were used to carry out ultrasonic examination on 43 normal fetuses and eight fetuses with agenesis of corpus callosum (as verified through magnetic resonance), respectively.

Results: The Omniview technique visually displayed the median sagittal plane of the fetus. The ROC curve of Omniview (0.999) was much higher than that of 2D ultrasonography (0.817). Rating of ACC and normal fetuses showed that the diagnostic efficiency of 3D ultrasonography Omniview technique was much higher than 2D ultrasonography.

Conclusion: 3D ultrasonography Omniview technique has certain advantage in the diagnosis of agenesis of corpus callosum, and is of great significance in the prenatal screening of callosum.     

超声在产房中的应用

超声进产房是现代产科规范化管理的新要求之一。在产科紧急情况下，超声可以帮助临床医师快速准确地对胎儿状况、胎儿胎盘位置、宫腔及腹腔情况做出判断；指导产程管理，选择合适的分娩方式，实施恰当的助产操作；在超声引导下进行介入性操作。近年来超声在产房中的应用也有很多进展，如超声产程评估的新指标、超声引导辅助麻醉穿刺和插管、超声评估容量负荷等，这为母婴安全提供了进一步的保障。     

Associations between cytokines,endocrine stress response,and gastrointestinal symptoms in autism spectrum disorder

Many children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have significant gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, but the etiology is currently unknown. Some individuals with ASD show altered reactivity to stress and altered immune markers relative to typically-developing individuals, particularly stress-responsive cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Acute and chronic stress is associated with the onset and exacerbation of GI symptoms in those without ASD. The present study examined whether GI symptoms in ASD were associated with increases in cortisol, a stress-associated endocrine marker, and TNF-α and IL-6 in response to stress. As hypothesized, a greater amount of lower GI tract symptoms were significantly associated with post-stress cortisol concentration. The relationship between cortisol response to stress and GI functioning was greater for children who had a history of regressive autism. Exploratory analyses revealed significant correlations between cortisol response, intelligence, and inappropriate speech. In contrast, symptoms of the lower GI tract were not associated with levels of TNF-α or IL-6. Significant correlations were found, however, between TNF-α and IL-6 and irritability, socialization, and intelligence. These findings suggest that individuals with ASD and symptoms of the lower GI tract may have an increased response to stress, but this effect is not associated with concomitant changes in TNF-α and IL-6. The relationship between cortisol stress response and lower GI tract symptoms in children with regressive autism, as well as the relationships between cortisol, IL-6, and intelligence in ASD, warrant further investigation.     

Impact of a mild scrotal heating on sperm chromosomal abnormality,acrosin activity and seminal alpha‐glucosidase in human fertile males

The aim of this study was to observe sperm aneuploidy, DNA integrity, seminal alpha‐glucosidase (NAG) and acrosin activity (AA) under testicular heat stress (SH). Spermatozoa were obtained from 30 healthy adult volunteers subjected to scrotal warming at 43°C for 30–40 min on two successive days per week for 3 months between February 2012 and September 2016. Aniline blue (AB), acridine orange (AO) staining, TUNEL assay and FISH analysis to evaluate sperm function, sperm DNA integrity and chromosomal abnormalities were carried on before, during and after SH. Sperm AA and NAG was measured by microplate reader. The mean parameters of sperm parameters, AA and NAG were significantly decreased. In contrast, the mean percentage of sperm DNA fragmentation and the proportion of aneuploidy of chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y were significantly increased for spermatozoa collected during SH versus before SH (p < .01–.001). After stopping scrotal heating for 3 months, most parameters were completely restored to pre‐SH levels. Sperm parameters, sperm DNA integrity, chromosomes, AA and NAG are affected by scrotal exposure to constant SH temperatures several degrees over normal physiological temperature, and after treatment, these parameters were reversibly restored to the level before SH in adult men.