结核病定点医院肺结核诊断治疗管理现况分析

目的评价结核病定点医院肺结核诊断、治疗和管理的现状。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,在全国选择5个地区的5家结核病定点医院,对2009年8月之前曾经在结核病定点医院住院治疗的新发涂阳非耐药肺结核患者进行问卷调查和病案回顾,收集患者住院期间诊治、管理情况及出院后治疗管理情况。结果痰涂片检查是定点医院最常使用的细菌学诊断,为95.0%,痰培养和药敏试验分别为37.8%和16.0%。78.1%的患者在方案中使用了多种二线抗结核药品,特别是左氧氟沙星使用比例高达69.7%。住院期间接受医生面视下服药的比例为6.3%,出院后为3.6%;10.8%的患者转诊到结核病防治机构进行督导。84.0%的患者医疗费属于灾难性支出,医疗保险报销后仍有65.8%的患者属于灾难性医疗支出。结论目前定点医院肺结核诊断、治疗和管理都存在不规范的现象,医疗费造成患者经济负担重,不利于患者依从治疗,这些因素都会导致耐药肺结核的产生。     

Cathelicidin LL-37 (an antimicrobial peptide)-induced colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii

In this study, we demonstrated the development of colistin dependence in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates after exposure to the human cationic antimicrobial peptide LL-37. The LL-37-induced colistin-dependent mutants showed susceptibility to many other antibiotics and IS1595 or ATTT insertions in LpxACD.     

Determination of potential biotin interference on accuracy of results of serologic assays for various viral hepatitis markers

Biotin taken orally can interfere with some diagnostic immunoassays, including those for thyroid hormones, ferritin, and markers of infectious disease. Assays affected are ones that use streptavidin-biotin in their design. The goal of our study was to examine the effect of biotin concentrations of up to 1200 ng/mL on three serological assays performed on VITROS 3600 system, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), total anti-HAV, and IgM antibodies to hepatitis B virus core antigen (anti-HBc), by spiking serum samples with variable amounts of biotin. No false-negative results were generated with either concentration of biotin for total anti-HAV (65/65). Likewise, biotin caused no false-positive IgM anti-HAV results (59/59) with either concentration of biotin; however, 6.7% false negativity was found for IgM anti-HAV when samples were spiked with 1200 ng/mL of biotin. Conversely, 100% false positivity (30/30) was produced by biotin interference in total anti-HAV negative specimens with both concentrations of biotin. False negativity rate was 87.5% in IgM anti-HBc positive samples when biotin levels were at 1200 ng/mL. These data show that individuals taking biotin-containing supplements may test false-positive in some serologic assays using streptavidin-biotin chemistries. Further studies are warranted to determine the extent of biotin interference resulting in false-positive and negative results and their impact, if any, on surveillance and diagnostic settings.     

不同地区和年龄组人群接受结核病防治健康教育途径的分析

目的 通过调查全国各省居民接受结核病防治核心信息的健康教育途径,为结核病防治健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在全国31个省(自治区、直辖市;不包括我国港澳台地区)按照调查点和调查对象的选取原则共抽取181个调查点和≥15岁的33357名调查对象,其中城镇和农村调查点分别为84个和97个,调查对象为18156名(54.43%)和15201名(45.57%)。为了解不同人群对于健康教育途径和宣传材料选择的偏好,将调查对象按照地区、城乡和年龄组分成12个组,分别为东部城镇15~60岁组(5311名)、东部城镇>60岁组(1618名)、东部乡村15~60岁组(3561名)、东部乡村>60岁组(1106名);中部城镇15~60岁组(6055名)、中部城镇>60岁组(1560名)、中部乡村15~60岁组(4476名)、中部乡村>60岁组(974名);西部城镇15~60岁组(2791名)、西部城镇>60岁组(732名)、西部乡村15~60岁组(3789名)、西部乡村>60岁组(1218名)。使用专家设计的结核病防治核心信息知晓率调查问卷对所有调查对象进行面对面询问式调查。本研究收集调查对象的社会人口学分类一般情况和接受健康教育的途径数据资料,有效问卷为33191份,有效率为99.50%;其中21296名(64.16%)表示接受过健康教育。结果 既往接受过健康教育的12个群组21296名调查对象选择媒介前三位者依次为电视(17.46%,11087/63510)、广播(14.54%,9237/63510)、传单/折页/宣传画(13.60%,8635/63510),其中选择电视和广播者均以中部城镇>60岁组为最高(分别为23.07%,314/1361;19.62%,267/1361),而选择传单/折页/宣传画者以中部乡村>60岁组为最高(14.97%,299/1998);选择网站/微博/微信者以东部城镇15~60岁组为最高(5.89%,577/9792)、西部乡村>60岁组为最低(0.30%,5/1639)。33191名调查对象希望了解结核病防治信息的途径前3位者分别为广播/电视/电影/网络/音像材料(26.76%,15517/57978)、医生宣传(18.21%,10559/57978)和张贴画/宣传栏/板报/展板/墙体标语(16.06%,9311/57978)。对宣传材料的选择依次为图画为主(25.76%,9549/37074)、文字为主(24.57%,9110/37074)。对网络的接受率以东部城镇>60岁组为最高(9.16%,163/1779),中部、西部乡村均较低[分别为2.60%(27/1037)和2.71%(25/923)]。最喜欢的网络咨询或查询方式依次为“使用医学专业人员在线咨询”(27.89%,9653/34608)、“到医学专业的网站查看”(21.86%,7563/34608)、“用百度或谷歌搜索”(15.74%,5448/34608)等方式。大众比较喜欢的网络传播知识的形式以文字+图片(29.14%,11268/38672)、文字+视频(26.20%,10131/38672)为主。结论 应针对不同地区、不同年龄组人群的特点,采取不同的健康教育途径和方法,将结核病防治核心信息有效地传达到特定的目标人群,特别是知晓率相对较低的老年人群和西部农村人口。     

不同诊断情景下结核病负担预测的动力学模型研究

目的 通过建立考虑不同诊断情景的结核病动力学模型,预测不同延迟诊断时间和及时就诊率下发病负担,为控制结核病的传播提供建议。方法 建立系统动力学模型拟合中国CDC 2005-2018年结核病年发病例数,计算结核病基本再生数(R0),通过诊断情景相关参数的数值变化探究其对结核病发病负担影响。结果 模型符合程度的χ²检验结果:χ²=1.102,P=1.000。通过本模型计算得到的结核病R₀=0.063<1,说明在中国结核病会逐渐走向消亡。减少延迟诊断时间和提高及时就诊率短期内引起感染后到医院诊断治疗者人数波动,长期可使感染后未到医院就诊人数持续减少。结论 本研究模型是对2005-2018年结核病发病趋势的良好拟合。在减少延迟诊断时间和提高及时就诊率的诊断情景下,对于结核病长期负担的减少有重要意义,并进一步探讨模型有待改进的地方。     

The impact of human single nucleotide polymorphisms on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin responses

The influence of genetic variability on human immune responses has major implications for the understanding of disease mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, which is given globally to protect against tuberculosis, has high variability in its protective efficacy against mycobacteria and its beneficial off-target (heterologous) effects. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are major cause of genetic variation and have been strongly associated with susceptibility to tuberculosis and outcomes following BCG immunotherapy for cancer. This review discusses the contribution of SNPs to the variability in mycobacterial-specific and off-target BCG responses, and the implications for this on development of novel TB vaccines and strategies to harness the beneficial off-target effects of BCG.     

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health and Wellness Outcomes among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are a population at the intersection of two minority statuses—racial minority and sexual minority. Membership in either group, compared to white or heterosexual group membership, may increase one’s risk of negative childhood and adult experiences. Baseline data from an HIV intervention efficacy trial (the Black Men Evolving Study) were used to explore the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among 536 BMSM and associations between ACEs and adult mental and physical health outcomes. Overall, the prevalence of ACEs was high among this sample of BMSM with almost 90% experiencing at least one ACE. Findings revealed that ACE score was significantly associated with adult mental health (AOR = 1.21, 95% CI [1.12, 1.30]), but not with adult physical health. All ACEs were significantly associated with mental health, but only physical neglect and household substance abuse were significantly associated with physical health (AOR = 1.69, 95% CI [1.02, 2.74] and AOR = 1.57, 95% CI [1.03, 2.40], respectively). The findings support the need for interventions targeting improved adult health outcomes, particularly for minority groups, to consider the impact of early adversity on health and wellness.     

Mutual lmpact of Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis in China

China has a double burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB). A national survey conducted in 2010 found that the prevalence of DM was 11.6% [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.3%-11.8%] in Chinese adults, and 113.9 million adults were estimated to have DM in China[1]. China has made substantial progress in TB control in the past two decades, and more than halved the TB prevalence, with a decreased prevalence of smear-positive TB from 170/100,000 to 59/100,000[2].