离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中氯酸盐、亚氯酸盐和溴化物的研究

目的:建立饮用水中氯酸盐、亚氯酸盐和溴化物的离子色谱检测方法。方法:水样经过IonPac AS23型阴离子柱(4×250 mm)、IonPac AG23 4×50 mm保护住,采用ASRS300阴离子抑制器,利用4.5 mmol/L Na2CO3-0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3淋洗液,流速为1.00 ml/min和DS6型电导检测器进行检测。结果:本方法线性良好r,≥0.9996,精密度高(RSD<2%),样品加标回收率为88.0%～104.0%,最低检出量为0.0015 mg/L～0.0018 mg/L。结论:该方法操作简单、快速、准确、灵敏度高,适用于实际水样的测定。     

2005～2009年北京市海淀区≤2岁儿童麻疹流行病学特征

目的 了解2005～2009年北京市海淀区≤2岁儿童麻疹病例流行病学特征.方法 对2005-2009年≤2岁的330例麻疹病例发病情况进行描述流行病学分析.结果 330例病例中外来儿童发病215例,占61.2%,本市儿童发病115例,占34.8%,<8月龄病例169例,占全部病例数的51.2%,8月龄～2岁病例161例...     

A single dose glycoprotein D-based subunit vaccine against pseudorabies virus infection

Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) is the causative agent of Pseudorabies (PR), also known as Aujeszky’s Disease, one of the most important infectious diseases in swine, resulting in huge economic losses to the swine industry globally. The emergence of mutant PRV strains after 2011 resulted in a sharp decrease in the efficacy of available commercial vaccines. To develop a more effective vaccine that can prevent the spread of PRV, glycoprotein B (gB), glycoprotein C (gC) and glycoprotein D (gD) from recent PRV isolates were expressed in a baculovirus system and their protective efficacy was tested in mice and piglets. Neutralizing antibody titers (NAs) in mice vaccinated with gB, gC and gD peaked at 28 days after immunization and then slowly declined. NAs in the mice immunized with gD were remarkably higher than other groups. After a lethal challenge of 5 LD₅₀ with mutant PRV-HNLH strain, the survival rates of gB and gD were 100% and 87.5% respectively, which was significantly higher than gC group (50%). Piglets vaccinated with the gD and gB + D vaccines developed the highest NAs 7 days post immunization. No piglets in these two groups exhibited clinical symptoms, high body temperature or virus shedding following challenge with 10^6.6 TCID₅₀ with the mutant PRV-HNLH strain. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry showed remarkably reduced pathological damage and viral loads in gD and gB + D groups. Furthermore, the duration of the NAs induced by gD vaccine could maintain as long as four months after a single dose. The current study indicates that a gD-based vaccine could be developed for the efficient control of PRV.     

Parent,provider and vaccinee preferences for HPV vaccination: A systematic review of discrete choice experiments

ObjectivesTo systematically review, appraise and evaluate available evidence regarding discrete-choice experiments (DCEs) for the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination in order to support policymakers in making reasonable and effective vaccination program implementation decisions.MethodsA systematic literature review was conducted using the databases PubMed and Embase for DCEs in HPV up to May 2019. Extracted data was tabulated and two checklists were used for the quality appraisal of the included studies. All attributes were categorized in outcome, process or costs attributes and the relative importance of attributes was calculated using the range method.ResultsOut of 164 identified studies, 12 met the inclusion criteria. Eight were from high income countries (HICs) and four from low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Five studies each examined vaccinee and parent preferences, while only two assessed the providers’ preferences. The studies were rather heterogenous in terms of the populations investigated, the attributes included and the methodologic approach. Overall, outcome measures were the most prominent attributes and effectiveness consistently yielded high relative importance scores. But also process factors, such as the age at vaccination, played an important role for decision making. Discrepancies between HICs and LMICs were most prominent for cost attributes.ConclusionThe heterogenous preferences this review elicited highlight the importance of context when making decisions grounded on consumer preferences. Especially the lack of evidence from LMICs, where the burden of cervical cancer is highest, is worrisome. In order to increase uptake, close vaccination gaps and reduce current inequities in (reproductive) healthcare, policy makers need to understand the features that drive individual vaccination decisions and adapt national and clinical guidelines accordingly. Future research therefore needs to focus on LMICs in order to elicit preferences of those most vulnerable populations.     

Microwave Treatment Enhances the Immunostaining of Amyloid Deposits in Both the Transmissible and Non-transmissible Brain Amyloidoses

The immunolocalization of amyloid deposits containing either protease-resistant prion protein (PrP) or amyloid β protein (Aβ) in the brains of patients with transmissible or non-transmissible cerebral amyloidoses has been greatly facilitated by the pretreatment of tissue sections with concentrated formic acid. We have investigated whether microwave processing of formalin-fixed tissue sections would obviate the need for formic acid pretreatment. Exposure of brain sections to microwaves, even for periods as brief as 1 sec, greatly enhanced the immunostaining of PrP and Aβ amyloid deposits in both the transmissible and non-transmissible brain amyloidoses. Microwaving for 1 min yielded staining intensities similar to that following pretreatment with concentrated formic acid for 10 min. Moreover, the combination of formic acid pretreatment and microwave processing resulted in an even more intense staining of amyloid deposits. Microwave processing, which is easy to perform and comparatively inexpensive, makes exposure to the potentially toxic fumes of formic acid unnecessary.     

海淀区2018年适龄儿童首剂含麻疹成分疫苗未接种原因分析

目的分析北京市海淀区2018年适龄儿童首剂含麻疹成分疫苗(MCV1)未接种原因。方法通过儿童预防接种信息管理系统(CIIMS)收集北京市海淀区30家社区接种门诊2018年度每月MCV1未接种儿童的基本情况,并挖掘未接种原因。结果男童未接种比例高于女童,外地户籍儿童未接种比例高于本市户籍儿童(P<0.05)。外地户籍儿童准时建卡比例低于本市户籍儿童(P<0.05)。因生病未能及时接种的儿童主要集中在春、冬两季。11.6%的儿童连续2个月及以上未接种疫苗,其中一半以上的未接种儿童是因为身体生病或禁忌证等;另外较大部分是因为居住地的变动。结论临床应加强流动儿童接种信息化管理,充分利用各类媒体资源加大预防接种宣传,提高父母对疫苗接种的依从性;同时,应制定科学性和可操作性的MCV1接种禁忌证,更加明确MCV1接种范围。     

北京市海淀区部分居民人感染H7N9禽流感防控知识、行为调查

目的了解当前北京市海淀区居民对人感染H7N9禽流感疫情的相关知识掌握及需求、疫情发生后的态度和行为改变。方法选取海淀区老年人、中学生和中小学生的家长作为调查对象,采用自填问卷方法进行调查。结果1303例海淀区居民完成问卷调查。“我国／我市目前人感染H7N9禽流感疫情现状、感染途径、发病早期症状为发热”知晓率最高,多数人不吃或少吃禽类产品,增加洗手次数,仅有5．7％的调查对象对疫情表示很或非常紧张。多数调查对象对北京市政府疫情信息发布和防控知识普及措施比较满意,希望得到更多有关最新疫情动态、传播途径、个人预防措施的信息。结论海淀区居民对于人感染H7N9禽流感相关知识的了解有待进一步提高,应根据居民健康需求进一步加强健康教育。     

海淀区疾控中心2010-2014年人力资源配置分析

目的探讨北京市海淀区疾病预防控制中心人力资源配置现况,为优化人才结构,加强队伍建设提供科学依据。方法从疾控中心上报《中国疾病预防控制基本信息系统》的各年资料中,收集人员数量、年龄、学历、职称、专业等数据,用Excel建立数据库并进行描述性分析。结果海淀区每万人拥有区级疾控人员1.46人,人员年龄主要集中在25~44岁;本科学历为46.44~54.76%,硕士研究生占20%;高级职称人员明显偏少,以中级和初级为主。人员以预防专业为主,医学和检验专业也占有较大比例。结论该中心每万人拥有疾控人员数量偏低,学科骨干和高级职称人员明显缺乏,人力资源结构不均衡,专业结构有待优化。     

Choroidal and Retinal Thickness and Axial Eye Elongation in Chinese Junior Students

PurposeTo explore the associations between macular choroidal and retinal thickness and axial elongation in non-myopic and myopic junior students.MethodsIn this school-based longitudinal observational study, axial length was measured by optical low-coherence reflectometry, and choroidal thickness and retinal thickness were measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Myopia was defined as non-cycloplegic objective spherical equivalent refraction ≤ −0.50 diopters. Structural equation modeling and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations between baseline choroidal and retinal thickness with axial elongation.ResultsOut of 1307 students examined at baseline in 2017, 1197 (91.58%) returned for follow-up examination in 2018, with a median age of 12.00 years (interquartile range [IQR], 1.00) and included 667 boys (55.72%). Within a 1-year period, the median axial elongation of right eyes was 230 µm (IQR, 180) in boys and 200 µm (IQR, 160) in girls (P = 0.032). The thinner temporal choroidal thickness was associated with greater 1-year axial elongation only in myopic students (β, −0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.37, −0.03), the thinner temporal retinal thickness was associated with greater 1-year axial elongation in both non-myopic (β, −2.67; 95% CI, −4.52, −0.82) and myopic (β, −0.99; 95% CI, −1.68, −0.30) students, after adjustment for sex, age, and height. Subfoveal and nasal choroidal and retinal thickness were not significantly associated with axial elongation in either non-myopic or myopic students.ConclusionsA thinner temporal choroid at age 12 years may predict greater 1-year axial elongation in myopic students, and a thinner temporal retina may predict greater 1-year axial elongation in both non-myopic and myopic students. This finding may help to identify children at risk and control axial elongation with potential preventive strategies.