2011-2015年北京市海淀区其他感染性腹泻监测分析

目的 分析2011-2015年北京市海淀区其他感染性腹泻病例流行特征,为制定预防控制措施提供参考依据。方法 采用描述流行病学方法,病例信息来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统。在海淀区1家哨点监测医院,采集2011-2015年肠道门诊腹泻患者的粪便标本,用实时荧光定量PCR方法对常见腹泻病毒（轮状病毒、诺如病毒）进行检测。结果 2011-2015年海淀区共报告其他感染性腹泻病例25 230例,年报告发病率范围为107.18/10万～188.63/10万,呈逐年下降趋势。 5、5～和60～岁年龄组发病率居前3位。散居儿童报告病例数最多,占全部病例数的26.59%。主要以夏季发病为主,每年6-8月报告病例数最多,流动人口较多的地区发病率较高。共采集腹泻病例标本572份进行轮状病毒和诺如病毒检测,阳性144份,阳性率为25.17%。结论 2011-2015年北京市海淀区散居儿童为其他感染性腹泻高发人群,夏季是高发季节;采样对象为16岁人群,仅开展病毒性病原学监测,不利于指导防控,需要调整监测策略。     

Novel FSHβ mutation in a male patient with isolated FSH deficiency and infertility

Isolated follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) deficiency due to mutations in FSHβ is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disease that has only been reported in ten patients to date. Symptoms of the disease include amenorrhoea and hypogonadism in women and azoospermia and normal testosterone levels in men. This study describes a Chinese male patient who presented with cryptorchidism and infertility. His serum hormonal profile revealed low FSH, elevated LH and normal testosterone levels. Sequence analysis identified a novel homozygous mutation in the FSHβ gene (c.343C > T) predicted to result in a premature termination codon and a truncated FSH protein (p.R115X). Both parents were heterozygous carriers of the mutation with normal pubertal development and fertility. The patient's testicular volume increased after one year of exogenous FSH replacement therapy at which point spermatocytes were detected in seminal samples, indicating potential future spermatogenesis. The expanded spectrum of FSHβ mutations and associated clinical manifestations described in this study may improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.     

北京地区成年人社区获得性肺炎中肺炎支原体急性感染的调查

肺炎支原体(Ⅷ,)是成年人社区获得性肺炎(CAP)中常见病原体,感染率达到20％一30％。为了解成年人MP急性感染肺炎的流行特点。由首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院和北京市疾病预防控制中心牵头,组织北京地区9家二级和三级综合医院成立成年人肺炎监测网(BNACAP),以“恢复期较急性期斑清肺炎支原体IgG抗体≥4倍升高”作为MP急性感染的诊断标准,从2010年11月至2011年9月对入组的410例成年人CAP进行流行病学分析。     

Long-term efficacy and safety of varenicline for smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Aim

To evaluate the long-term efficacy and potential risk of psychiatric side effects of varenicline for smoking cessation compared with placebo or nicotine replacement therapy.

Subject and methods

Systematic search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register, SCI) up to March 2011. Two reviewers independently determined the eligibility of randomized controlled trials comparing varenicline with placebo, or nicotine replacement therapy with follow-up of at least 12?months. Information was independently extracted by 2 reviewers.

Results

Ten trials involving 6,375 smokers were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled risk ratios (RR) for continuous abstinence was 2.83 (95% CI: 2.20–3.63) at 52?weeks for varenicline (1?mg, twice per day) versus placebo. Varenicline seemed to be more effective in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR, 3.33) than smokers with cardiovascular diseases (RR, 2.64) or health smokers (RR, 2.52), non-Asian smokers than Asian smokers (2.98 vs. 1.94), elder smokers than younger smokers (2.87 vs. 2.52), female smokers than male smokers (2.98 vs. 1.94). The five predominant reported adverse events for varenicline compared to placebo were vomiting, nausea, abnormal dreams, constipation, and dysgeusia. There was no sufficient evidence that varenicline was associated with an increased risk of psychiatric side effects (RR, 1.45, 95% CI: 0.90–2.32).

Conclusion

Varenicline therapy compared with placebo is associated with a favorable effect on smoking cessation at the end of 52?weeks. However, the psychiatric adverse events related with varenicline should be further studied with larger qualified study. People with preexisting mental illnesses should be prudently treated with varenicline.     

北京市海淀区自备井水质卫生调查

目的了解北京市海淀区自备水源井的供水情况、水质卫生状况,为改善生活饮用水质,安全饮水提供科学依据。方法对辖区内225眼自备水源井进行卫生学调查,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)进行检验;用《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)对水质状况进行评价。结果采集水样225件,合格151件,总合格率为67.1%。检测水质的25项指标中,有11项指标出现过超标情况,按超标严重程度前4位的依次为硝酸盐(以N计)、总大肠菌数、砷、菌落总数,超标率分别为16.0%、6.7%、5.3%及4.4%。自备井的建井时间、井深是水质的可能影响因素。结论海淀区自备水源井水质部分指标未达到国家规定的饮水标准,应加强管理,采取针对性的改善措施。     

北京市海淀区糖尿病流行病学调查

[目的]探讨海淀区糖尿病流行现况。[方法]采用等比例多阶段整群随机抽样的方法,抽取海淀区18岁以上常住居民2773人进行问卷调查、体格检查及血液生化指标的测定。[结果]海淀区糖尿病患病率为11.0%,空腹血糖受损率为5.70%,男性患病率高于女性,二者差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。糖尿病患病率随年龄的增长有明显上升的趋势(趋势χ2=259.12,P﹤0.01),70岁以上组达23.60%,且与职业、文化程度、体重指数有关。文化程度越低、体重指数越高,糖尿病患病率越高,小学及以下文化程度为18.56%,肥胖组达19.62%。糖尿病的知晓率、药物治疗率、控制率分别为62.95%、55.08%、23.61%。[结论]海淀区居民的糖尿病患病率较3年前有所升高,糖尿病的知晓率、药物治疗率、控制率无明显提高,针对危险因素进行干预、降低糖尿病的患病率是当前亟待解决的问题。     

2010年北京市海淀区手足口病流行病学分析

目的探讨2010年北京市海淀区手足口病的流行病学特征,为手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法对海淀区2010年手足口病病例建立数据库,进行统计学分析。结果 2010年,海淀区报告手足口病病例6 280例,发病率为230.63/10万;高发地区为流动人口较聚集的农村和城乡结合部地区;发病高峰为5-7月份;发病年龄主要集中在1-5岁,本地人口病例中托幼儿童较多,占发病人数的49.27%,外来人群病例中以散居儿童为主,占发病人数的62.11%;病原学监测以EV71为主,占47.92%;大部分手足口病例均会在发病当天或发病第2 d及时就诊,本地人群发病的就诊及时性要好于外地人群。结论 2010年北京市海淀区手足口病发病有明显的地区性、季节性及人群差异,预防控制策略应考虑手足口病的高危人群和季节性发病高峰。     

Metallothionein-I/II null cardiomyocytes are sensitive to Fusarium mycotoxin butenolide-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage

Previous studies revealed butenolide (BUT), a Fusarium mycotoxin distributes extensively, induced myocardial oxidative damage, which could be abated by antioxidants such as glutathione. Metallothionein (MT) has proved to attenuate several oxidative cardiomyopathies via its potent antioxidant property. The present study is therefore undertaken to investigate the protective potential of the endogenous expression of MT against BUT-induced myocardial toxicity. Primary cultures of neonatal cardiomyocytes from MT-I/II null mice along with the corresponding wild-type mice will be utilized to determine the possible mechanistic properties of MT. BUT treatment to the cardiomyocytes evoked significant cytotoxicity as evidenced by morphological changes and concentration- and time-dependent reductions in cell viability. Additionally, BUT treatment remarkably increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cardiomyocytes of both MT-I/II null and wild-type mice. As a result, noticeable DNA damage in both cardiomyocytes was detected by alkaline comet assay. Furthermore, the comparison between the MT-I/II null and wild-type cardiomyocytes indicated that ROS production in the cardiomyocytes from the MT-I/II null mice was higher than from wild-type mice. DNA damage as evaluated by percentage of comet tail DNA, tail length and tail moment was more severe in the MT-l/II null cardiomyocytes than in wild-type myocytes. And in agreement with those results mentioned above, the MT-l/II null cardiomyocytes were more sensitive to BUT-induced cytotoxicity than wild-type cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these findings clearly show that basal MT can efficiently attenuate BUT-induced cytotoxic injuries in cardiomyocytes via the inhibition of intracellular ROS production, and associated DNA damage.     

Effects of extremely low frequency magnetic field on anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats

Background  As the widespread use of electric devices in modern life, human are exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) much more frequently than ever. Over the past decades, a substantial number of epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that ELF MF (50 Hz) exposure is associated with increased risk of various health effects. The present study examined the effects of chronic exposure to ELF MF on anxiety level and spatial memory of adult rats.

Methods  The 50-Hz ELF MF was used during the whole experimental procedures and the value of magnetic field (MF) was set to 2 mT. Adult rats were divided randomly to control, MF 1 hour and MF 4 hours group. Anxiety-related behaviors were examined in the open field test and the elevated plus maze; changes in spatial learning and memory were determined in Morris water maze after 4 weeks of daily exposure.

Results  Rats in MF 4 hours group had increased anxiety-like behaviors with unaltered locomotor activity. In the Morris water maze test, rats had reduced latency to find the hidden platform and improved long-term memory of former location of platform without changes in short-term memory and locomotor activity.

Conclusion  Chronic ELF MF exposure has anxiogenic effect on rats, and the promoting effects on spatial learning and long-term retention of spatial memory.