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61.
Sifakis F Hylton JB Flynn C Solomon L MacKellar DA Valleroy LA Celentano DD 《AIDS and behavior》2010,14(4):904-912
Data are presented from the Baltimore Young Men’s Survey, a cross-sectional, venue-based sample survey of risks associated
with HIV and report of a prior HIV test, conducted between 1996 and 2000, and enrolling 843 young men who have sex with men
(MSM) aged 15–29 years. HIV prevalence was 12.1% overall and racial disparities in HIV prevalence were pronounced (range,
2.9% among non-Hispanic whites to 27.1% among non-Hispanic blacks). Risks independently associated with being HIV-positive
were: being between 26 and 29 years of age, being non-Hispanic black or of other/mixed race, having had 20 or more lifetime
male sex partners, having been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and not being currently enrolled in school.
The majority of participants (78.9%) reported a prior HIV test. In multivariate analysis, being older, having had five or
more lifetime male sex partners, having had anal intercourse with males, reporting an STD diagnosis, and reporting recent
unprotected anal sex were associated with report of a prior HIV test. Prevention efforts must address high HIV prevalence
among young non-Hispanic black MSM and must make testing and effective counseling for young MSM readily available. 相似文献
62.
Haibo Wang Guiying Li Katherine BrownKumi Smith Xia JinRuiling Dong Ning Wang 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2011,113(1):37-45
Background
Treatment for drug addiction in China can take place in mandatory detoxification centers (MDC), voluntary detoxification centers (VDC), or at outreach programs located in the community. To date little is known about HIV prevalence or associated risk factors among the current and past drug users (DU) in each setting.Methods
Cross-sectional surveys were conducted at three different settings in Beijing, China; 795 subjects were enrolled at MDC, 824 at VDC, and 520 within the community. Subjects who provided informed consent took part in face-to-face interviews and provided blood samples for HIV and syphilis testing.Results
Significant differences were found across enrollment sites in terms of demographic, drug use and sexual behavior characteristics. Overall HIV sero-prevalence was 2.9%, and was particularly high in MDC (5.2% versus 1.0% in VDC and 2.3% among community drug users). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for HIV infection were 50.5 (95% CI: 19.07-133.85) for being of Yi ethnicity, 29.4 (95% CI: 15.10-57.24) for Uyghur ethnicity, 3.4 (95% CI: 1.57-7.52) for injection drug users who did not share equipment, and 18.8 (95% CI: 8.31-42.75) among injection drug users who shared injection equipment.Conclusions
The vast differences among DU in various enrollment sites in terms of demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and HIV related risk profiles underscore the importance of familiarity with population characteristics and drug user environment to better inform targeted prevention programs. Prevention programs targeting DU in Chinese settings must also consider differences in ethnicities, culture, and residential status. 相似文献63.
Tasneem Shikary David I. Bernstein Yan Jin Gregory D. Zimet Susan L. Rosenthal Jessica A. Kahn 《Journal of clinical virology》2009,46(2):107-111
BackgroundTwo HPV vaccines prevent infection with HPV-16 and HPV-18, high-risk (cancer-associated) HPV types which together cause approximately 70% of cervical cancers; one vaccine also prevents HPV-6 and HPV-11, which together cause approximately 90% of anogenital warts. Defining type-specific HPV epidemiology in sexually experienced women will help estimate the potential clinical benefits of vaccinating this population.ObjectivesTo examine HPV epidemiology in a diverse sample of sexually experienced women, and to determine factors associated with high-risk HPV and vaccine-type HPV (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16 and HPV-18).Study designCross-sectional study of 13–26-year-old women (N = 409) who completed a questionnaire and provided a cervicovaginal swab. Swabs were genotyped for HPV using PCR amplification. Logistic regression models were used to determine whether participant characteristics, knowledge, and behaviors were associated with high-risk and vaccine-type HPV.ResultsMost women (68.4%) were positive for ≥1 HPV type, 59.5% were positive for ≥1 high-risk type, 33.1% were positive for ≥1 vaccine-type HPV, and 3.5% were positive for both HPV-16 and HPV-18: none was positive for all four vaccine types. In adjusted logistic regression models, Black race (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.21–3.41) and lifetime number of male sexual partners (OR 4.79, 95% CI 2.04–11.23 for ≥10 partner vs. ≤1 partner) were independently associated with high-risk HPV infection.ConclusionsHPV prevalence was very high in this sample of sexually active young women, but <5% were positive for both HPV-16 and HPV-18, suggesting that vaccination could be beneficial for many individual women who are sexually experienced. 相似文献
64.
65.
S. V. Basavaraju J. Mwangi T. A. Kellogg L. Odawo L. H. Marum the Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey Group 《Vox sanguinis》2010,99(3):274-277
Blood services in sub‐Saharan Africa experience blood shortages and low retention of voluntary, non‐remunerated donors. To boost collections by encouraging repeat donations, the Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service is exploring the likelihood of reaching previous donors through targeted print, radio and television advertising. We analysed data from a national AIDS Indicator Survey to determine whether previous donors have significant exposure to media. Respondents reporting history of blood donation had significantly higher exposure to print, radio and television media than those without history of blood donation. Targeted media campaigns encouraging repeat donation are likely to reach previous donors even in resource‐limited settings. 相似文献
66.
目的了解戒毒所和妇教所收容人员艾滋病检测咨询经历、态度及影响因素。方法在戒毒所和妇教所分别调查了185名吸毒者和159名暗娼,内容包括人口学信息、性行为、吸毒史、艾滋病检测相关知识及态度等,分析两组人群对所内进行艾滋病检测咨询态度的影响因素。结果所有收容人员在入所时都做过HIV检测,但只有26.2%的人表示自己做过检测,其中81.1%知道检测结果。分别有83.1%的吸毒者和84.6%的暗娼愿意在戒毒所和妇教所咨询艾滋病知识;有80.9%的吸毒者和78.9%的暗娼愿意在戒毒所和妇教所做艾滋病检测。结论戒毒所和妇教所收容人员在入所时已做HIV检测,但多数没有被告知。收容人员对所内开展艾滋病检测咨询表示接受。戒毒所和妇教所应注意改善检测服务,加强检测结果告知。 相似文献
67.
《Vaccine》2018,36(4):578-586
BackgroundSuperinfection of individuals already infected with HIV-1 suggests that pre-existing immune responses may not adequately protect against re-infection. We assessed high-risk female sex workers initially infected with HIV-1 clades A, D or A/D recombinants, to determine if HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies were lacking prior to superinfection.MethodsSix superinfected female sex workers previously stratified by HIV-1 high-risk behavior, infecting virus clade and volunteer CD4 counts were evaluated at baseline (n = 5) and at 350 days post-superinfection (n = 6); one superinfected volunteer lacked pre-superinfection plasma. Retrospective plasmas were assessed for neutralization of a multi-clade panel of 12 HIV-1 viruses before superinfection, and then at quarterly intervals thereafter. Similarly stratified singly infected female sex workers were correspondingly assessed at baseline (n = 19) and 350 days after superinfection (n = 24). Neutralization of at least 50% of the 12 viruses (broad neutralization), and geometric means of the neutralization titers (IC50) were compared before and after superinfection; and were correlated with the volunteer HIV-1 superinfection status, CD4 counts, and pseudovirus clade.ResultsPreexisting broad neutralization occurred in 80% (4/5) of the superinfected subjects with no further broadening by 350 days after superinfection. In one of the five subjects, HIV-1 superinfection occurred when broad neutralization was lacking; with subsequent broadening of neutralizing antibodies occuring within 9 months and plateauing by 30 months after detection of superinfection. Clade B and C pseudoviruses were more sensitive to neutralization (13; [87%]); and (12; [80%]) than the locally circulating clades A (10; [67%]) and D (6; [40%]), respectively (p = 0.025). Low antibody titers correlated with clade D viruses and with >500 CD4 T cell counts, but not with the superinfection status.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that HIV-1 superinfection can occur both in the presence, and in the absence of broadly neutralizing antibodies. 相似文献
68.
Melissa Fuster Robert F. Houser Ellen Messer Patricia Palma de Fulladolsa Hedi Deman Odilia I. Bermudez 《Journal of nutrition education and behavior》2013,45(6):713-717
ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the dietary intake of Salvadoran households according to perceived access to healthy meals (PAHD), and to identify household characteristics associated with diet quality and PAHD.MethodsSecondary data analysis with a sample of 139 Salvadoran households from resource-poor communities in El Salvador. Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used to assess differences in dietary intake across households classified according to PAHD.ResultsHigh-PAHD households had higher women's education, household food security levels, overall diet quality, and variety, and higher intakes of animal products, fats, cholesterol, vitamin C, and sodium (P < .05). Diet quality was not associated with the household characteristics studied.Conclusions and ImplicationsOverall diet quality was associated with higher levels of PAHD, but some differences in intakes were not as expected, such as higher intakes in foods and nutrients associated with low-quality diets, among high PAHD households. 相似文献
69.
《Vaccine》2018,36(4):565-571
BackgroundIn September 2015, the United Kingdom became the first country to introduce the multicomponent group B meningococcal vaccine (4CMenB) into a national infant immunisation programme. In early clinical trials 51–61% of infants developed a fever when 4CMenB was administered with other routine vaccines. Whilst administration of prophylactic paracetamol is advised, up to 3% of parents may seek medical advice for fever following vaccination. We used research-level general practitioner consultations to identify any increase in attendances for all-cause fever in vaccine-eligible infants following 4CMenB introduction in England.MethodsConsultations for infant all-cause fever in the year following the vaccine introduction were identified from The Phoenix Partnership (TPP) ResearchOne general practice database using Read (CTV3) codes. Average daily consultation rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated for vaccine-eligible age groups and compared to the two years preceding vaccine introduction. The difference between pre- and post-vaccine all-cause fever consultations was estimated.ResultsAll-cause fever consultations in vaccine-eligible 7–10 week olds were 1.6-fold higher (IRR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.22–2.05) compared to the two previous years and 1.5-fold higher (IRR 1.47; 95% CI, 1.17–1.86) in 15–18 week-olds. There were no significant differences in 0–6 or 11–14 week-olds. Applying the difference between pre- and post-vaccine consultation rates to the 4CMenB vaccine-eligible age groups across England estimated 1825 additional fever consultations in the year following 4CMenB introduction.ConclusionsWe found a small but significant difference in all-cause fever consultation rates in vaccine-eligible infants who would have received 4CMenB with other vaccines. 相似文献
70.