Burden of significant liver damage in people living with HIV after microelimination of the hepatitis C virus

BackgroundOnce HIV/HCV-coinfection microelimination has been virtually achieved in some countries, there is no information about the burden of liver disease among people living with HIV (PLWH). The aim of this study was to define the current prevalence and causes of significant liver damage (SLD) in PLWH.MethodsCross-sectional study including 619 PLWH. SLD was defined as liver stiffness (LS) ≥ 7.2 kPa measured by transient elastography. Nonviral liver damage (NVLD) was considered if there was no evidence injury due to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, active hepatitis B (HBV) or E virus infections.ResultsOne hundred and twelve of 619 (18.2%) PLWH showed SLD, including 34/112 (5.5%) with LS ≥14 kPa. 72/112 (64.3%) had cured HCV infection, 4/112 (3.6%) active HBV infection, and 2/112 HBV/prior HCV coinfection. Thus, 40 (35.7%) showed NVLD. Metabolic associated steatohepatitis (MASH) was present in 29/40 (72.5%) of patients with NVLD, alcoholic liver damage in 2/40 (2.5%) and mixed steatohepatitis in 5/40 (12.5%).ConclusionsAfter HIV/HCV microelimination the burden of liver damage is high among PLWH. Persistent injury after HCV is a very frequent cause of SLD. However, NVLD, mainly due to MASH, is also a common condition in this population.     

重庆市某高校一起肺结核聚集性疫情调查

目的 对重庆市某高校一起肺结核聚集性疫情进行分析,探讨疫情发生原因、总结疫情处置经验教训,为提高学校结核病防控能力提供科学依据.方法 收集重庆市某高校一起肺结核疫情资料,梳理疫情处置过程并探讨疫情发生原因.结果 本起疫情共发现学生肺结核患者23例,其中C专业22例,该专业罹患率为31.43％(22/70),男生44.4...     

新发涂阳肺结核患者就诊和诊断延误的影响因素研究

目的 分析新发涂阳肺结核患者就诊和诊断延误的影响因素，为制定减少延误发生的干预措施提供科学依据。方法 采取典型调查的方法，在东、中、西部各选择1个县作为研究现场，采用编制的《新发涂阳肺结核患者诊疗过程调查表》对研究现场结核病防治（简称“结防”）机构2010年5-9月登记发现的329例初治涂阳肺结核患者全部进行了面对面的问卷调查，获得有效个案调查表329份。使用t检验比较就诊延误、诊断延误等不同指标间差异有无统计学意义，使用Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响患者就诊延误的因素，使用非参数检验比较不同医疗机构患者的发现和转诊延误。结果 患者就诊延误15d(0~594d)，诊断延误10d(0~429d)，就诊延误与诊断延误的差异无统计学意义(t=1.596, P=0.111)。与自费相比较，有其他医疗保险（除外新农合）的患者就诊延误更短（β=0.701，Waldχ²=6.223，P=0.013，RR=2.015），有发热症状的患者更易就诊（β=0.430，Waldχ²=11.556，P=0.001，RR=1.537），而有咳嗽症状（β=-0.711，Waldχ²=9.314，P=0.002，RR=0.491）或咯痰症状（β=-0.429，Waldχ²=8.549，P=0.003，RR=0.651）的患者就诊延误更长。不同医疗机构发现结核病可疑者的能力差异有统计学意义（χ²=115.134，P=0.000），其中药店的延误时间最长（26d，四分位间距66.5d），县级及以上医院(0d，四分位间距0d)、乡镇卫生院(0d，四分位间距6d)和结防机构(0d，四分位间距0d)延误时间最短；不同医疗机构转诊结核病可疑者的能力上差异有统计学意义（χ²=55.476，P=0.000），其中结防机构延误时间最短（0d，四分位间距1d），个体诊所延误时间最长（9d，四分位间距19.5d）。结论 新发涂阳肺结核患者的延误包括患者和医疗机构两方面的因素，其中缺乏对结核病可疑症状的相关知识或对症状不重视是导致患者延误的主要因素，而基层医疗机构结核病可疑者的发现和转诊延误是导致医疗机构延误的主要因素。     

HIV-1 superinfection can occur in the presence of broadly neutralizing antibodies

BackgroundSuperinfection of individuals already infected with HIV-1 suggests that pre-existing immune responses may not adequately protect against re-infection. We assessed high-risk female sex workers initially infected with HIV-1 clades A, D or A/D recombinants, to determine if HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies were lacking prior to superinfection.MethodsSix superinfected female sex workers previously stratified by HIV-1 high-risk behavior, infecting virus clade and volunteer CD4 counts were evaluated at baseline (n = 5) and at 350 days post-superinfection (n = 6); one superinfected volunteer lacked pre-superinfection plasma. Retrospective plasmas were assessed for neutralization of a multi-clade panel of 12 HIV-1 viruses before superinfection, and then at quarterly intervals thereafter. Similarly stratified singly infected female sex workers were correspondingly assessed at baseline (n = 19) and 350 days after superinfection (n = 24). Neutralization of at least 50% of the 12 viruses (broad neutralization), and geometric means of the neutralization titers (IC₅₀) were compared before and after superinfection; and were correlated with the volunteer HIV-1 superinfection status, CD4 counts, and pseudovirus clade.ResultsPreexisting broad neutralization occurred in 80% (4/5) of the superinfected subjects with no further broadening by 350 days after superinfection. In one of the five subjects, HIV-1 superinfection occurred when broad neutralization was lacking; with subsequent broadening of neutralizing antibodies occuring within 9 months and plateauing by 30 months after detection of superinfection. Clade B and C pseudoviruses were more sensitive to neutralization (13; [87%]); and (12; [80%]) than the locally circulating clades A (10; [67%]) and D (6; [40%]), respectively (p = 0.025). Low antibody titers correlated with clade D viruses and with >500 CD4 T cell counts, but not with the superinfection status.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that HIV-1 superinfection can occur both in the presence, and in the absence of broadly neutralizing antibodies.     

Analysis of the finding characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly population in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during 2009—2017

目的 研究2009—2017年新疆维吾尔自治区(简称“新疆”)老年肺结核发现特征,为制订适应本地区的老年人群结核病防治对策提供科学依据。方法 从《中国疾病预防控制信息系统》的子系统《结核病信息管理系统》中收集登记日期为2009年1月1日至2017年12月31日、现住址为新疆本地、年龄≥60岁的活动性肺结核患者临床资料,包括登记患者例数,以及年龄、性别、职业、病原学检测结果(即阳性、阴性、无检测结果)、治疗分类、发现方式、延迟就诊等情况;同时收集《新疆统计年鉴》各年度相关人口学资料。采用SPSS 25.0软件对以上资料进行统计学分析,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2009—2017年,新疆全人群共登记活动性肺结核患者268765例,其中老年患者占全人群肺结核患者总数的43.58%(117125/268765),且由2009年的36.94%(8753/23692)逐年上升至2017年的50.17%(19810/39486)(χ²_趋势=2257.798,P=0.000);老年患者登记发病率由2009年的431.96/10万(8753/2026328)逐年上升至2017年的795.80/10万(19810/2489318)(χ²_趋势=4740.593,P=0.000)。117125例老年肺结核患者中,病原学检测阴性患者占73.44%(86013例),且自2009年的50.14%(4389/8753)逐年上升至2017年的83.01%(16444/19810)(χ²_趋势=6713.849,P=0.000)。老年患者中,男性[54.98%(64400/117125)]居多;60~<65岁年龄组老年患者登记发病率最低[501.32/10万(33365/6655379)],65~<70岁年龄组最高[628.48/10万(34315/5460043)];发现方式以转诊、因症就诊和因症推荐为主[75.50%(88433/117125)]。新疆老年肺结核患者的就诊延误率为77.42%(90675/117125),而全人群延迟水平为52.89%(142150/268765)。结论 新疆老年肺结核防控形势严峻,发病率高于全人群,患者例数、登记发病率、病原学阴性患者均逐年升高,以男性、转诊及因症就诊和因症推荐者居多,就诊延误率高,应及早关注及实施老年人群肺结核防治策略。     

以广义估计方程研究浙江省肺结核耐药预测方程

目的 耐药肺结核患者可能对一种或多种抗结核药物耐药。对这类因变量为多结局非独立的数据,本文探讨应用广义估计方程分析耐药危险因素,构建预测方程,探索预警模型建立方向。方法 对浙江省30个耐药监测点的涂阳患者进行药敏检测和问卷调查,以对13种抗结核药物的耐药情况为因变量,可能危险因素为自变量,用SAS的GENMOD模块构建广义估计模型。结果 本研究中基线水平下发生耐药的概率为20.26%,有统计学意义的耐药影响因素包括年龄、保险、是否合并乙型肝炎、治疗史及停药情况。根据各因素对耐药发生的影响程度得到预测方程。结论 广义估计方程解决了耐药数据因变量相关性的问题,有效利用非独立数据提供的信息,且参数估计稳健,为耐药危险因素评价和预警模型构建提供更全面的信息。