引起儿童呼吸道感染的优势肠道病毒及其血清型和流行特征分析

目的 了解近年杭州地区引起儿童呼吸道感染的优势肠道病毒(EVs)及其血清型以及流行特征和易感人群。方法 收集2016-2018年本地区2 164例发热伴呼吸道感染症状患儿咽拭标本,采用EVs通用引物的实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测EVs核酸,阳性标本采用EVs VP1/VP2基因通用引物的套式PCR扩增后测序分型。分析患儿性别、年龄、感染的优势EVs及其血清型等流行病学特征。结果 2 164 例患儿咽拭子标本中有508 例(23.5%)EVs核酸阳性,其中290 例成功测序分型。检出的EVs中,柯萨奇病毒A 组(CoxA)和B 组(CoxB)分别占75.2%和11.7%、EV71占8.9%、埃可病毒(Echo)占4.1%,CoxA检出率高于CoxB、EV71和埃可病毒(P<0.05)。在检出的CoxA中,CoxA6(39.5%)和CoxA10(33.0%)检出率高于CoxA16、CoxA4和CoxA2(P<0.05)。1~3 岁男性儿童是EVs易感人群(P<0.05),其中男性儿童易感CoxA6、女性儿童易感CoxA10(P<0.05)。结论 EVs是本地区儿童呼吸道感染的重要病原体,柯萨奇病毒及其CoxA6和CoxA10分别是优势EVs和血清型,1~3 岁儿童是本地区EVs主要易感人群,男性比女性更易感。     

Polarity-dependent effect of low-frequency stimulation on amygdaloid kindling in rats

BackgroundLow-frequency stimulation (LFS, <5 Hz) has been proposed as an alternative option for the treatment of epilepsy. The stimulation pole, anode and cathode, may make different contributions to the anti-epileptic effect of LFS.ObjectiveTo determine whether electrode polarity influences the anti-epileptic effect of LFS at the kindling focus in amygdaloid kindling rats.MethodsThe effect of bipolar and monopolar (or unipolar) LFS at the amygdala in different polarity directions on amygdaloid kindling acquisition, kindled seizures and electroencephalogram (EEG) were tested.ResultsBipolar LFS in the same direction of polarity as the kindling stimulation but not in the reverse direction retarded kindling acquisition. Anodal rather than cathodal monopolar LFS attenuated kindling acquisition and kindled seizures. Bipolar LFS showed a stronger anti-epileptic effect than monopolar LFS. Furthermore, anodal LFS (both bipolar and monopolar) decreased, while cathodal LFS increased the power of the EEG from the amygdala; the main changes in power were in the delta (0.5–4 Hz) band, which was specifically increased during kindling acquisition.ConclusionsOur results provide the first evidence that the effect of LFS at the kindling focus on amygdaloid kindling in rats is polarity-dependent, and this may be due to the different effects of anodal and cathodal LFS on the activity in the amygdala, especially on the delta band activity. So, It is likely that the electrode polarity, especially that for anodal current, is a key factor affecting the clinical effects of LFS on epilepsy.     

Dual release of dexamethasone and TGF-β3 from polymeric microspheres for stem cell matrix accumulation in a rat disc degeneration model

Low back pain is frequently caused by nucleus pulposus (NP) degeneration. Tissue engineering is a powerful therapeutic strategy which could restore the normal biomechanical motion of the human spine. Previously we reported that a new nanostructured three-dimensional poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere, which is loaded with dexamethasone and growth factor embedded heparin/poly(l-lysine) nanoparticles via a layer-by-layer system, was an effective cell carrier in vitro for NP tissue engineering. This study aimed to investigate whether the implantation of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-seeded PLGA microspheres into the rat intervertebral disc could regenerate the degenerated disc. Changes in disc height by plain radiograph, T2-weighted signal intensity in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histology, immunohistochemistry and matrix-associated gene expression were evaluated in normal controls (NCs) (without operations), a degeneration control (DC) group (with needle puncture, injected only with Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium), a PLGA microspheres (PMs) treatment group (with needle puncture, PLGA microspheres only injection), and PLGA microspheres loaded with ADSCs treatment (PMA) group (with needle puncture, PLGA microspheres loaded with ADSC injection) for a 24-week period. The results showed that at 24 weeks post-transplantation, the PM and PMA groups regained disc height values of ～63% and 76% and MRI signal intensities of ～47% and 76%, respectively, compared to the NC group. Biochemistry, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis also indicated the restoration of proteoglycan accumulation in the discs of the PM and PMA groups. However, there was almost no restoration of proteoglycan accumulation in the discs of the DC group compared with the PM and PMA groups. Taken together, these data suggest that ADSC-seeded PLGA microspheres could partly regenerate the degenerated disc in vivo after implantation into the rat degenerative intervertebral disc.     

心血管发病风险预测模型在降压疗效评价中的应用

目的:以缬沙坦/氨氯地平片对比氨氯地平的降压疗效,探讨心血管发病风险预测模型在降压疗效评价中的应用。方法:基于临床试验数据,采用缺血性心血管病(ICVD)发病风险预测模型进行平均发病风险值估计和敏感性分析,将估计的平均发病风险值作为指标进行降压疗效评价。结果:由模型估计可知:①相比用药前,缬沙坦/氨氯地平片和氨氯地平两组用药后的未来10年ICVD平均发病风险值均有所降低,且高血压Ⅱ期的风险降低百分比高于Ⅰ期,男性的风险降低百分比高于女性。②相比氨氯地平组,缬沙坦/氨氯地平片组的未来10年ICVD平均发病风险在高血压Ⅰ期中低0.009 7;在高血压Ⅱ期中低0.022 4;在男性中低0.021 4;在女性中低0.012 2。③敏感性分析显示结果稳定。结论:缬沙坦/氨氯地平片通过降低血压而减少心血管发病风险的疗效不逊于氨氯地平,甚至在某些情况下要优于氨氯地平;心血管发病风险预测模型可通过估计血压变化对心血管发病风险产生的作用而用于降压疗效评价。     

Simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metals from soil by washing with citric acid and ferric chloride

The remediation of soil contaminated with multiple heavy metals is a matter of great concern due to its serious threat to the ecosystem and human health. Batch and slurry reactor soil washing experiments were conducted to explore the removal of Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn using 7 agents. Citric acid (CA) and ferric chloride (FeCl₃) exhibited an obvious synergistic effect on the removal of heavy metals. Furthermore, the concentration of heavy metals in different soil particle size fractions was closely related to the soil element concentrations. Fine sand (0.05–0.25 mm) had a strong adsorption capacity for Cr and Pb because of the high Mn concentration. Notably, heavy metals in smaller-size soil particles could be efficiently removed by CA and FeCl₃. After remediation, the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil decreased. The potential ecological risk of heavy metals in soil reduced from an extremely high level to a low level. Moreover, some elements (e.g. Al, Mn and Fe) and organic matter in soil were dissolved by CA and FeCl₃, which accelerated the desorption of heavy metals from the soil. In a slurry reactor experiment, the removal efficiencies of Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn were 94.8%, 79.5%, 92.7% and 97.2%, respectively. The combination of CA and FeCl₃ is a feasible practice to remediate soil contaminated by multiple heavy metals.

Citric acid and ferric chloride exhibited synergistic effect on the removal of multiple heavy metals from soil.     

《中华消化外科杂志》2002—2012年载文著者分析

目的从载文、著者的角度研究《中华消化外科杂志》的学术水平和影响力。方法利用万方数据库、中国知网数据库,检索2002年至2012年《中华消化外科杂志》刊出论文情况,对全文进行浏览并保存,录入Excel软件进行各项数据统计,用文献计量学的方法对该杂志2002年至2012年的载文和著者情况进行统计分析。结果《中华消化外科杂志》11年载文1917篇,每期平均载文量29．05篇,基金项目论文占30．62％,被引率为58．52％;著者来自32个省、直辖市及中国香港特别行政区,重庆、北京、上海3个地区作者发文分别为446篇（23．27％）、240篇（12．52％）、203篇（10．59％）,位居前3位,其次为四川省、江苏省和广东省。医学院校附属医院发文1382篇（72．09％）。合著率为90．03％,合作度为4．37。结论《中华消化外科杂志》是一个高质量的学术期刊,具有一定的社会影响力。该刊著者分布范围广,合作率高,但总体分布尚不均衡。     

Colletotrichum species associated with cultivated citrus in China

There have been considerable advances in the understanding of species concepts in the genus Colletotrichum. This has lead to the need to carry out fresh surveys of Colletotrichum species associated with important hosts. Colletotrichum species are associated with Citrus plants as saprobes, important pre-harvest and post-harvest pathogens, as well as endophytes. In this study, a total of 312 Colletotrichum strains were isolated from leaves, shoots and fruits of cultivated Citrus and Fortunella species with or without disease symptoms across the main citrus production areas in China. The morphology of all strains were studied and multilocus (ACT, TUB2, CAL, GAPDH, GS, ITS) phylogeny established. Strains were from four important species complexes of Colletotrichum, namely C. gloeosporioides species complex, C. boninense species complex, C. acutatum species complex and a final group including C. truncatum, which was rare on Citrus species. The species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides species complex comprised C. gloeosporioides and C. fructicola, the C. boninense complex comprised C. karstii and a new species C. citricola and the C. acutatum complex included a new species, C. citri. The ability of strains to cause anthracnose on citrus fruits was tested by inoculation and strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. fructicola and C. truncatum were pathogenic.     

Cysteine residues 87 and 320 in the amino terminal domain of NMDA receptor GluN2A govern its homodimerization but do not influence GluN2A/GluN1 heteromeric assembly

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors（NMDARs） play a central role in various physiological and pathological processes in the central nervous system.And they are commonly composed of four subunits,two GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 or GluN3 subunits.The different subunit compositions make NMDARs a heterogeneous population with distinct electrophysiological and pharmacological properties and thus with different abilities to conduct neuronal activities.The subunit composition,assembly process,and final structure of assembled NMDARs have been studied for years but no consensus has been achieved.In this study,we investigated the role of the amino terminal domain（ATD） of GluN2A in regulating NMDAR assembly.The ATD of GluN2A was first expressed in heterogeneous cells and the homodimer formation was investigated by fluorescent resonance energy transfer and non-reducing SDS- PAGE electrophoresis.Each of the three cysteine residues located in the ATD was mutated into alanine,and the homodimerization of the ATD or GluN2A,as well as the heteromeric assembly of NMDARs was assessed by non-reducing SDS- PAGE electrophoresis,co-immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry.We found that two cysteine residues,C87 and C320,in the ATD of the GluN2A subunit were required for the formation of disulfide bonds and GluN2A ATD homodimers.Furthermore,the disruption of GluN2A ATD domain dimerization had no influence on the assembly and surface expression of NMDARs.These results suggest that the two ATD domains of GluN2A are structurally adjacent in fully-assembled NMDARs.However,unlike GluN1,the homomerization of the ATD domain of GluN2A is not required for the assembly of NMDARs,implying that GluN2A and GluN1 play unequal roles in NMDAR assembly.     

Depression and aggression in never-married men in China: a growing problem

Purpose

China has the highest excess of male births in the world at 118 to every 100 female, with a current excess of 20 million men of reproductive age. The impact on the psychological well-being of the large numbers of men who will never marry is unclear. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that older never-married men are more predisposed to depression, low self-esteem and aggression.

Methods

The study was a cross-sectional survey using a self-completion questionnaire conducted in high sex ratio rural areas of Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. The tools used were the Beck Depression Inventory, Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale and the Bryant-Smith Aggression questionnaire.

Results

A total of 1,059 never-married men and 1,066 married men aged 30–40 completed questionnaires. Never-married men were financially poorer and had lower education levels than married ones. After adjusting for age, education and income, never-married men were significantly more likely to have lower self-esteem scores (P < 0.001), higher depression scores (P < 0.001), higher aggression scores (P < 0.001) and were more likely to have suicidal thoughts or wishes (P < 0.001) than married men.

Conclusion

The high prevalence of severe depression and suicide ideation in these men is of particular concern. In rural China mental health services are currently very sparse, but rural doctors could be trained to use a check score to identify severe depression, and refer as appropriate to specialist services.