辐射对皮肤黑色素细胞的生物效应研究与展望

辐射是影响黑色素细胞结构和功能的一个重要的环境因素。本文综述了近年来辐射对小鼠黑色素细胞的生物效应研究进展，并对今后的发展予以展望。     

放射性碘对大鼠致癌效应的研究

对雄性Wisiaf大鼠腹腔1次注射碘-13l, 注入活度分别为0.59×10⁴Bq,2.37×10⁴Bq, 4.34×10⁴Bq, 8.23×10⁴Bq, 碘-125注入活度分别为3.7×10⁴Bq, 7.4×10⁴Bq, 14.8×10⁴Bq, 22.2×10⁴Bq.碘-131诱发肿痛实际注入活度在2.37×10⁴Bq以下,碘-125的为7.4×10⁴以下.诱发的肿瘤以甲状腺肿瘤为主,其次为垂体肿瘤.     

白云鄂博铁稀土共生矿矿工肺内钍沉积量及其对健康影响的研究

本文报道了白云矿矿工肺内天然钍沉积量及其对健康影响的10年(1982年～1991年)研究的结果。结果。本研究采用改进了的高灵敏度负高压静电收集氧子体装置,对该矿588名接尘矿工985人次和124名非钍尘作业人员的呼出气中作氧活度的测定，前者肺内钍的平均值为0.85Bp(23.06pCi)后者肺内钍的平均值为0.15Bp(4.05pCi).接尘矿工被检者中44.4Bq(120pCi)者5人;最高的1人为5.56Bp(150pCi),经修正最高值应为11.11Bp(300pCi)。     

Phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urines from German school-aged children: Results of the Duisburg Birth Cohort and Bochum Cohort Studies

Some phthalates and also bisphenol A (BPA) interfere with the human endocrine system and are labelled as reproductive toxicants. Children's exposure to these contaminants is suspected to be associated with developmental disorders and other health impairments.We provide biomonitoring data on 21 urinary phthalate metabolite and BPA levels in first morning urine of 8–10 year old children. Participants were children born between 1999 and 2002 of the Duisburg birth cohort (8–9 years, N = 113) and of the Bochum cohort study (8–10 years, N = 352). Additionally, for the Duisburg birth cohort we compare current data of children from Duisburg (8–9 years) with data from 2 years earlier when the children were 6–7 years old. We analyzed influences of important covariates on exposure levels by multiple regression analysis and those from two sampling time points by generalized equation estimation models adjusted for important covariates. Compared to recently published studies the phthalate metabolite and BPA concentrations were within the range of background levels. There were no significant differences between children from Bochum and Duisburg. Comparison between the two Duisburg birth cohort data sets (2007–2008 and 2009–2010) showed significant correlations for most of the phthalate metabolites (r_Spearman between 0.25 and 0.51; p ≤ 0.05) but not for BPA (r_Spearman= 0.162; p = 0.143). Most of the phthalate metabolites in the groups of the 6–7 and 8–9 years old Duisburg children were negatively associated with higher age, except for BPA concentrations with nearly constant levels. Exposure levels may be influenced by changes in child specific exposure patterns with age but also by the rapidly changing phthalate market.     

土壤样品中放射性核素γ谱分析比对

本文报道并讨论了15个实验室用γ谱仪对两个土壤样品和一个参考标准模拟土壤样品中放射性核素分析比对的结果。对样品的制备、均匀性测定以及比对程序也作了介绍。根据各实验室的数据对样品中的几个主要核素的测定值作了估计。大约有91%的实验室对三个样品的各种核素分析的相对标准偏差小于±20%。有88%的实验室平均值与参考值在±10%内相符合。统计分析表明,个别实验室对偶然误差估计可能不合理或存在系统误差。     

我国天然环境电离辐射外照射剂量的调查与评价

本文介绍了我国天然辐射外照射水平及其所致的居民剂量。测量仪器是国产FD-7l型闪烁辐射仪和美制RSS-111型高压电离室。室外调查点共38611个, 室内点共53952个,道路共37727个。相应的天然γ辐射水平人口加权平均值分别为8.03×10^-3Gyh^-1、11.95×10^-3Gyh^-1和7.95×10^-3膏Gyh^-1室外宇宙射线电离成分空气吸收剂量率人口加权平均值为3.30×10^-3Gyh^-1,室内为3.00×10^-3Gyh^-1.天然外照射所致居民人均年有效剂量当量为952μsv,集体年有效剂量当量为9.6×10^-3man·sv,天然γ辐射对有效剂量当量的贡献占72%,宇宙射线电离成分占28%。     

Planning of Polish physician workforce – Systemic inconsistencies,challenges and possible ways forward

BackgroundPoland has the lowest number of physicians per 1000 population (2.2/1000) in the EU. This is accompanied by a considerable migration rate of Polish physicians to other EU countries (estimated at above 7%). Among other consequences, this results in waiting lists and unmet health needs.ObjectiveThe aim of this article is an identification of the main challenges for physician workforce planning in Poland.MethodsThe authors analysed national and international documents, reports, official statements, publications and statistical databases.Main findingsIn Poland health workforce planning is inadequate and insufficient. There is no formal structure and no strategy regarding human resource planning or regular forecasts for the health workforce, which results in many negative effects for the healthcare system. Currently the shortage of physicians in some specialties is becoming one of the most important reasons for limited access to care and lengthening the average wait time.ConclusionsTo improve this situation operational and strategic actions should be undertaken without unnecessary delay. Effective and close cooperation between key stakeholders is needed. Health workforce planning needs to become one of the key building blocks of the Polish health system’s reforms, strongly connected to the other functions of the health system. It is essential for Poland to follow available good practices in health workforce planning.     

氚水诱发小鼠胎肝嗜多染红细胞微核细胞率变化的比较研究

本研究选用10～12周龄NIH小鼠, 妊娠10天对每天以恒定剂量分别接受氘永和⁶⁰Coγ射线照射, 连续照射3天。停照后12小时脱颈椎活杀孕鼠, 制备胎肝涂片, 计数嗜多染红细胞(PCE)微核细胞率。     

3H-TdR、60Coγ线和Bp诱发的恶性转化的C3H/10T1/2细胞的染色体分析和比较

本文对由³H-TdR、⁶⁰Coγ线和化学致癌剂Bp诱发的恶性转化的C₃H/10Tl/2细胞进行了染色体分析并与相应的正常细胞进行了比较。结果表明,在染色体数目上,在三种恶性转化细胞中,具有较少染色体数目的细胞所占比例均明显增加,其程度依次为Bp、³H-TdR、⁶⁰Coγ线;在染色体结构上,三者均出现了中间着丝点染色体,其中以³H-TdR出现率最高,Bp较低,⁶⁰Coγ线居中。断片等非稳定型畸变,在³H-TdR转化细胞中出现率高达90%以上,在Bp中亦可见到,但在⁶⁰Coγ线中来发现。未转化的C₃H/10Tl/2细胞具有一个微小染色体,在Bp转化纲胞中具有一个以上微小染色体的细胞为37%,在⁶⁰Coγ线和³H-TdR转化细胞中则与未转化细胞相同。上述结果表明,由于DNA受损伤所导致的染色体畸变与细胞癌变有密切关系。