Antiplatelet Therapy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Analysis of Current Evidence With a Focus on Acute Coronary Syndrome

This review was undertaken to summarize and discuss the current evidence around antiplatelet therapy and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Aspirin (ASA) monotherapy remains the standard of care among patients before and after CABG. The role of more intense antiplatelet therapy—specifically, P2Y12 inhibitors—in improving clinical outcomes and graft patency is becoming increasingly apparent. As such, we provide an overview of a variety of antiplatelet regimens. The review discusses the evidence around preoperative management of antiplatelet therapies, with a particular focus on timing of cessation. It also evaluates the current literature to elucidate the best antiplatelet therapy regimen after CABG, focusing on acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Whenever possible, data are presented from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses. Although guidelines recommend use of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after CABG for patients with ACS, available evidence is limited to small RCTs, and meta-analyses are of substudies of larger RCTs. There is also considerable heterogeneity in patient population of these studies; a significant number of patients underwent off-pump CABG (OPCAB) in trials that demonstrate graft-patency benefit with DAPT. With this limited evidence, DAPT remains underused in the CABG population, even among patients presenting after ACS.     

Helicobacter pylori induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric carcinogenesis via the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a main risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the development and progression of H. pylori-associated GC. However, the exact molecular mechanism of this process remains unclear. The AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway has been demonstrated to promote EMT in several types of cancer. The present study investigated whether H. pylori infection induced EMT, and promoted the development and metastasis of cancer in the normal gastric mucosa, and whether this process was dependent on AKT activation. The expression levels of the EMT-associated proteins, including E-cadherin and N-cadherin, were determined in 165 gastric mucosal samples of different disease stages by immunohistochemical analysis. The expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, AKT, phosphorylated (p-)AKT (Ser473), GSK3β and p-GSK3β (Ser9) were further determined in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbil gastric tissues and cells co-cultured with H. pylori by immunohistochemical analysis and western blotting. The results indicated that the expression levels of the epithelial marker E-cadherin were decreased, whereas the expression levels of the mesenchymal marker N-cadherin were increased during gastric carcinogenesis. Their expression levels were associated with H. pylori infection. Furthermore, H. pylori infection resulted in downregulation of E-cadherin expression and upregulation of N-cadherin expression in Mongolian gerbils and GES-1 cells. In addition, an investigation of the associated mechanism of action revealed that p-AKT (Ser473) and p-GSK3β (Ser9) were activated in GES-1 cells following co-culture with H. pylori. Furthermore, following pretreatment of the cells with the AKT inhibitor VIII, the expression levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, p-AKT and p-GSK3β did not show significant differences between GES-1 cells that were co-cultured with or without H. pylori. The levels of p-AKT and p-GSK3β were increased in H. pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that H. pylori infection activated AKT and resulted in the phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK3β, which in turn promoted early stage EMT. These effects were AKT-dependent. This mechanism may serve as a prerequisite for GC development.     

Safety and efficacy of oral nemonoxacin versus levofloxacin in treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A phase 3, multicenter,randomized, double-blind,double-dummy,active-controlled,non-inferiority trial

Background/Purpose

Nemonoxacin is a novel nonfluorinated quinolone with excellent in vitro activity against most pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), especially Gram-positive isolates. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of nemonoxacin compared with levofloxacin in patients with CAP.

37所医院消化内镜超声探头清洗消毒现况调查

目的 了解目前国内消化内镜超声探头的清洗消毒现状及存在的问题。方法 采用问卷调查的方式对全国范围内37所医院的消化内镜超声探头清洗和消毒灭菌情况进行调查。结果 70.27%的医院内镜超声探头数量为1~3条,奥林巴斯品牌最多（72.97%）,48.65%的医院内镜中心每日使用探头的患者例数为0~5例;83.78%的医院采用专人清洗消毒内镜超声探头,人员主要以护理员为主（51.35%）;清洗方法以"酶洗-擦洗-擦干"为主（89.19%）,清洗时间以>1 min为主（62.16%）;83.78%的医院内镜超声探头消毒方式为化学消毒剂浸泡,其中以邻苯二甲醛（70.27%）和全浸泡消毒（48.65%）为主;消毒时间以≥ 5 min为主（56.76%）;27.03%的医院对内镜超声探头进行灭菌,其中以"一用一灭菌"（21.62%）和过氧乙酸浸泡10 min（10.81%）为主;消毒灭菌后的内镜超声探头主要放置在内镜储存柜（56.76%）;78.38%的医院对当日拟使用的内镜超声探头进行再次消毒;56.76%的医院从未对消毒后的内镜超声探头进行消毒效果监测。结论 37所医院对内镜超声探头清洗和消毒灭菌情况存在一定差异,建议尽快制定内镜超声探头清洗消毒相关国家标准,规范内镜超声探头的清洗消毒流程。     

互联网+“五全六能”社区楼/院式养老模式试点运行效果初探

目的对互联网+“五全六能”社区楼/院式养老模式实地运行效果进行评价。方法2019年6月—2019年12月在南昌市两个社区开展该模式试点运行,采用自制问卷收集运行期间养老对象与管理人员等信息反馈进行统计分析与讨论。结果两社区试点实验养老对象在生物学特征上无明显差别;该模式的“六能”服务内容中“医疗保健”“生活照料”和“精神慰藉”是试点实验养老对象认为最重要;两社区各类试点实验对象满意度均达到80.00%以上,楼栋长为100.00%。结论互联网+“五全六能”社区楼/院式养老模式适用于城市老人养老,具有较高的推广价值。     

多重耐药菌感染患者清创术后内镜灭菌方法研究

 目的 探讨过氧乙酸和环氧乙烷两种不同方法对胰腺包裹性坏死(WON)并多重耐药菌(MDRO)感染(经皮/经胃)内镜下清创术内镜的灭菌效果。方法 选取江西省某三级甲等医院WON并MDRO感染(经皮/经胃)内镜下清创术患者使用带副送水功能的内镜,采用随机数字表法将其分为两组:A组采用过氧乙酸浸泡灭菌,B组采用环氧乙烷低温灭菌。滤膜法采集内镜的钳子管道、送气/送水管道和副送水管道3个位点标本进行微生物培养,比较两组内镜灭菌合格率、菌落数和检出MDRO情况。结果 共采集78条副送水内镜,A组和B组各39条,共234份标本,A组和B组内镜灭菌合格率分别为61.54%、100%。A组钳子管道灭菌合格率为82.05%,送气/送水管道灭菌合格率为89.74%, 副送水管道灭菌合格率为74.36%,B组3个位点灭菌合格率均为100%。A组钳子管道、送气/送水管道和副送水管道菌落总数范围分别为0~6、0~112、0~23 CFU,分离MDRO 36株,以多重耐药铜绿假单胞菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌为主。将A组15条不合格的内镜转为环氧乙烷低温灭菌后,微生物学监测合格率达100%。结论 对于WON并MDRO感染(经皮/经胃)内镜下清创术的内镜,环氧乙烷低温灭菌方法更有效。对内镜的微生物学监测不能仅局限于钳子管道的监测,带副送水功能的内镜需监测副送水管道,以降低感染风险。     

Relationships between anthropometric adiposity indexes and bone mineral density in a cross-sectional Chinese study

Background ContextPrevious studies have reported conflicting results for the relationships between anthropometric adiposity indexes and bone mineral density, based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, few studies were published based on quantitative computed tomography (QCT), especially for Chinese population.PurposeTo evaluate the associations of spine bone mineral density (BMD) with body mass index (BMI), waist circumstance (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and a body shape index (ABSI) using QCT.Study Design/SettingA Cross-sectional study.Patient SampleAround 3,457 participants in multiple communities across 7 administrative regions of China.Outcome MeasuresSpine BMD was measured using QCT, and the classification of osteoporosis was defined as follows: 1) osteoporosis if BMD <80mg/cm³, 2) osteopenia if BMD 80–119 mg/cm³, and 3) normal bone mass if BMD≥120 mg/cm³.MethodsThis study was conducted using convenient sampling between 2013 and 2017. Multivariable linear regression model and logistic regression models were used for the associations of continuous and categorical BMD, respectively.ResultsAround 3,405 participants were included in the final analyses, including 1,272 males and 2,133 females, with spine BMD of 111.00±35.47 mg/cm³ and 99.38±40.60 mg/cm³, respectively. Spine BMD decreased significantly with the increase of ABSI in females (adjusted β, ?5.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], ?8.50 to ?2.98), and this trend also was kept in females aged at less than 60 years (adjusted β, ?14.54; 95% CI, ?20.40 to ?8.68), and females with age ≥60 years (adjusted β, ?7.59; 95% CI, ?10.91 to ?4.28). However, this inverse association was observed only in males with age ≥ 60 years (adjusted β, ?5.19; 95% CI, ?10.08 to ?0.29). Except ABSI, negative associations of Spine BMD with WC (adjusted β, ?0.46; 95% CI, ?0.77 to ?0.15), WHR (adjusted β, ?6.25; 95% CI, ?10.63 to ?1.86), WHtR (adjusted β, ?6.80; 95% CI, ?11.63 to ?1.97) were shown in females aged at <60 years, and positive association with BMI in males with age ≥60 years (adjusted β, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.29–1.55).ConclusionsABSI had more remarkable association with spine BMD, compared with the other four indexes.     

mTORC2通路调控CD4+CD25highTreg在糖尿病肾病大鼠中的研究

目的 观察哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路阻断剂对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠CD4⁺CD25^highTreg的影响,探讨调节性T细胞(Treg)在DN中的可能机制。 方法 以正常大鼠作为对照组(A组),DN大鼠随机分为模型组(B组)、FK506干预组(C组)及ku0063794干预组(D组)。第4,8周时分别检测肾脏病理、肾组织mTOR、Raptor蛋白水平、Rictor、血白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和CD4⁺CD25^highTreg。 结果(1)4,8周时,B组的mTOR,Raptor和Rictor水平较A组均明显升高(P<0.05); 4周时,C组的mTOR下降,低于B组(P<0.05); 8周时,C,D组均下降,低于B组(P<0.001); 4,8周时,C,D组的Raptor均下降低于B组(P<0.05); 4周时,C,D组的Rictor均低于B组(P<0.05),8周时进一步下降,与A组比较差别无统计学意义,C,D组间比较差别无统计学意义。(2)4,8周时,B组的CD4⁺CD25^highTreg明显低于A组(P<0.05),C,D组4周后逐步回升,高于B组(P<0.05); 8周时进一步升高,均高于4周时(P<0.05); C,D组间比较差别无统计学意义。(3)C,D组的病理评分较B组均降低(P<0.05),组间比较差别无统计学意义。(4)4,8周时,B组的血TGF-β1和IL-17均高于A组(P<0.05),C,D组下降(P<0.05); 4,8周时C组的TGF-β1低于D组(P<0.05);(5)8周时,B组大鼠的Rictor与CD4⁺CD25^high Treg呈负相关(P<0.05),与TGF-β1,IL-17及病理评分呈正相关(P<0.05); Raptor与病理评分呈正相关(P<0.05),与CD4⁺CD25^high Treg,TGF-β1及IL-17均无相关性(P>0.05)。 结论 CD4⁺CD25^highTreg可能受Rictor-mTOR通路调控,参与DN的发病。     

基于网状Meta分析探索6种中成药治疗糖尿病肾病氧化应激反应的疗效＊

目的 基于网状Meta分析的方法对不同中成药治疗糖尿病肾病氧化应激反应的有效性及安全性进行评估。方法 计算机检索中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、万方数据库（WanFang）、维普数据库（VIP）、SinoMed数据库、PubMed数据库、Cochrane Library数据库等国内外数据库，检索时间均为建库至2020年2月。首先按预先制定的纳入与排除标准进行文献筛选和资料提取。然后采用Cochrane系统5.3推荐的偏倚风险评价工具对纳入的RCTs进行质量评估。紧接着采用Gemtc软件进行数据分析，采用STATA14.0软件进行绘图。结果 最终纳入关于中成药改善DN患者氧化应激水平的随机对照试验（RCT）共计30篇，涉及6种中成药，8种治疗方案，总计3354例患者，其中治疗组1693例，对照组1661例。网状Meta分析结果显示，SOD指标共产生7个直接比较和21个间接比较，其中，百令胶囊、黄葵胶囊、金水宝颗粒、糖脉康颗粒、益肾化湿颗粒联合常规治疗的疗效优于西医常规治疗，且差异具有统计学意义；中成药疗效排序结果为：益肾化湿颗粒 > 雷公藤多甙片联合黄葵胶囊 > 雷公藤多甙片 > 百令胶囊 > 黄葵胶囊 > 金水宝颗粒 > 糖脉康颗粒；MDA指标共产生7个直接比较和21个间接比较，百令胶囊、黄葵胶囊联合常规治疗的疗效较西医常规治疗更好，且差异具有统计学意义；8种治疗方案疗效排序结果为：雷公藤多甙片联合黄葵胶囊 > 雷公藤多甙片 > 黄葵胶囊 > 百令胶囊 > 益肾化湿颗粒 > 糖脉康颗粒 > 金水宝颗粒；UAER指标共产生5个直接比较和11个间接比较，其中黄葵胶囊联合西医常规治疗在减少UAER方面优于西医常规治疗，中成药之间排序为：黄葵胶囊 > 金水宝颗粒 > 百令胶囊 > 益肾化湿颗粒 > 糖脉康颗粒。结论 在西医常规基础上辅于中成药的治疗方案较单纯西医常规治疗方案，在提高血清SOD水平，降低血液中MDA含量方面明显优于后者。此外，由于涉及不同的中成药的RCTS中的研究数量及质量存在差异，本研究的中成药排序结果有待进一步RCT临床试验验证。