Suppurative corneal ulceration in Bangladesh

Suppurative keratitis is an important preventable cause of blindness, particularly in the developing world. This study analyses 142 cases of suppurative keratitis referred to Chittagong Eye Infirmary, Bangladesh. Some 53.5% of cases were bacterial and 35.9% were fungal. The five most common pathogens were: Pseudomonas sp. 24%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 17%, Aspergillus sp. 13%, Fusarium sp. 7% and Curvularia sp. 6%. Gram stain and culture results were consistent in 62.6% of cases. Previous antibiotic treatment was a significant factor for failure of culture isolation and less so for Gram stain failure. On Gram stain, 55.9% of pseudomonal cases were missed, but only 2% of fungal cases were missed. Over all, Gram stain had a sensitivity of 62% and positive predictive value of 84% for bacterial cases, and 98% and 94% for fungal cases, respectively. Fungal ulcers were typically filamentous, but an antecedent history of trauma was not common. The most frequent injury was due to rice grains, but the inoculum appeared to be introduced during eye washing with contaminated water. Pseudomonal ulcers occurred most frequently in the monsoon season, and Fusarium cases were seen only in the hot, dry season.     

免水分离超声乳化白内障摘除术临床观察

目的 :探讨免水分离术在超声乳化白内障摘除术中临床应用的有效性。方法 :随机选择白内障患者 2 0 0只眼 ,分两组。一组 (对照组 ) 95例 10 0只眼进行常规水分离术 ,二组 (观察组 ) 94例 10 0只眼 ,行免水分离术 ,所有患者均由同一医师进行超声乳化白内障摘除术联合人工晶体植入。临床观察超声乳化能量和时间 ,术后第一天、第三天、一周时视力 ,术中、术后并发症。结果 :( 1)平均超声能量Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级核 ,一组分别是 :( 10 5 6± 4 16) %、 ( 17 88± 2 2 6) %、 ( 2 9 2 2± 3 5 4) %、 ( 3 7 88± 2 67) % ;二组分别是 ( 11 3 0± 1 89) %、 ( 18 76± 1 61) %、 ( 2 7 99± 3 5 8) %、 ( 3 9 2 2± 3 3 3 ) % ;两组平均超声能量差异无显著意义 (t =-0 5 12、 -1 496、 1 70 6、 -1 3 60 ,P =0 615、 0 14 2、 0 0 91、 0 182 ) ;平均超声时间一组分别为 ( 7 5 6±3 2 1)s、 ( 2 6 68± 5 15 )s、 ( 71 72± 17 2 2 )s、 ( 13 7 71± 3 8 60 )s ,二组分别为 ( 9 10± 1 2 0 )s、 ( 2 4 71± 4 0 9)s、 ( 76 17± 18 74)s、 ( 12 2 0 9± 3 5 14 )s ,两组平均超声时间差异无显著意义 (t =-1 42、 -1 415、 -1 3 69、 1 3 3 3 ,P =0 173、0 164、 0 174、 0 190 )。 ( 2 )术后一     

Ultrasound biomicroscopic features of spherophakia

Background: Spherophakia is an uncommon diagnosis. This is the first case report of spherophakia evaluated by ultrasound biomicroscopy.
Methods: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a new diagnostic technique developed by one of the authors and provides images with microscopic resolution of the anterior segment. A patient with spherophakia was evaluated by ultrasound biomicroscopy (Zeiss-Humphrey, 50MHz) before and after YAG laser iridotomy.
Results: Ultrasound biomicroscopic assessment revealed a shallow anterior chamber, a very steep anterior lens curvature, iridolenticular contact, elongated zonules, and an increased distance between the lens equator and the ciliary processes. Angle closure glaucoma was due to a pupil block mechanism. The pupil block was relieved by YAG laser iridotomy.
Conclusions: Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a useful technique to confirm the diagnosis of spherophakia. The pupil block in spherophakia is relieved by YAG laser iridotomy.     

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type two B A case report with light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical correlation

Purpose: To describe a case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type two B (MEN IIB) where ocular and systemic clinicopathological findings are correlated, in association with light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical findings.
Methods: A 23-year-old man presented with mucosal neuromas of the lips, tongue and eyelids, a Marfanoid habitus and prominent corneal nerves. These findings led to the diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type two B. The patient subsequently developed phaeochromocytoma and metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) which led to his demise. Correlation of light and electron microscopic and immunohistochemical findings with the systemic and ocular findings is presented to emphasise the aggressiveness of MTC in MEN IIB. Clinicopathological correlation was obtained by examining the eyes post mortem.
Results and conclusions: Three new findings in MEN IIB have been established by this study. The enlarged corneal nerves can now be regarded as ganglioneuromas. Medullary thyroid carcinoma metastases were found in the choroid. Light and electron microscopic examination of the eye showed ganglioneuromas of the nerves in the limbus, trabecular meshwork, uveal tract and posterior ciliary nerves; this finding may account for the glaucoma occasionally seen in patients with MEN IIB.     

乙酰胆碱受体抗体量与眼型重症肌无力病情关系的实验观察

目的　观察血清乙酰胆碱受体抗体 (Ach Rab)含量与眼型重症肌无力患者病情程度和发展为全身型重症肌无力的关系。方法　 2 0例眼型重症肌无力患者按受累程度分为轻、中、重三组 ,采用固相酶免疫吸附法测定血清 Ach Rab含量 (P/ N值 )。结果　对照组和病情轻、中、重三组血清 P/ N值分别为 :0 .6 7± 0 .45、0 .78± 0 .30、1.16± 0 .18和 1.5 1± 0 .13。轻度组与对照组比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,中度组与轻度组比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,重度组与中度组比较有非常显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。3例 P/ N值明显高患者 (中度组 1例、重度组 2例 ) 2年后发展成全身型。结论　 P/ N值可反映患者病情程度和提供眼型重症肌无力发展为全身型重症肌无力的预兆信息。     

正常人双眼旋转融合功能的研究

目的 :探讨正常人双眼旋转融合功能。方法 :采用随机点同视机立体图 (random dotstereogramssynoptophone,RDSS)检测 6 2例正常人双眼旋转融合范围和旋转融合恢复力。结果 :①RDSS 80 0″～ 6 0″双眼外旋融合力是 (11.79± 3.4 0 )°～ (8.2 3± 1.91)°,内旋融合力是 (9.38± 3.4 0 )°～ (6 .4 8± 2 .72 )°。②RDSS不同视锐度的各组间比较 ,仅 2 0 0″和 6 0″内旋融合组之间差异无显著性 (P =0 .14 1) ,其余内旋、外旋融合各组间差异均有显著性 (P≤ 0 .0 1)。③RDSS 80 0″～ 6 0″双眼外旋融合力恢复点为 (5 .77± 1.89)°～ (3.6 7± 1.17)°,内旋融合力恢复点 (3.6 9± 1.2 1)°～ (2 .35± 1.4 0 )°。结论 :①双眼外旋、内旋融合力范围随立体视锐度的增高呈下降趋势 ,即视差越大 ,旋转融合力越大。②不同立体视锐度 ,其外旋、内旋融合力表现不同 ,能反映出与旋转融合功能的关系。临床可采用RDSS对双眼旋转融合力及范围进行检测。     

玻璃体视网膜界面疾病

玻璃体视网膜交界面的状态与许多临床疾病有紧密联系；诱导完全性的玻璃体后脱离对许多疾病的发生、治疗以及预后起重要作用，可以减少玻璃体切割手术中对视网膜的损伤。本研究就玻璃体视网膜疾病以及诱导完全性玻璃体后脱离的方法做一综述。     

视神经半损伤后复合神经营养因子辅助再生的动态PVEP研究

目的：探讨视神经（optic nerve,ON）损伤后的自然修复再生和用脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）及睫状神经营养因子（CNTF）互补辅助再生的图形翻转视觉诱发电位（PVEP）变化特征，寻找ON有效再生的新途径。方法：将40只猫作为实验对象，术前随机平均分4组：正常对照组，球后ON半径切断组（ON1／2I）、ON半径切断并定时向玻璃体内玻璃体内注射BDNF和CNTF复合因子辅助再生组（ON1／2I＋BF）。经眶外侧入路行手术开眶，在球后5mm处测量ON直径数值，并用宝石卡尺刀行ON半径切断术。ON1／2I＋BF组在术后即日注射BDNF和CNTF复合液（10ng），并在以后注射等量BDNF和CNTF复合液，2次／w。在ON损伤后1个月、4个月和8个月，3次行PVEP动态检测，结果：在ON1／2损伤后1个月时，与N组相比，ON1／2损伤各组PVEP的N1－P1振幅显著降低和P1潜时延迟；ON1／2IT ON1／2I＋PS组与ON1／2I＋BF组比较，也出现了PVEP的N1－P1振幅降低和P1潜时的延迟。在ON1／2损伤后第4个月时，ON1／2I组和ON1／2I＋PS与N组比较，其PVEP的P1潜时显著延迟（P＜0．001，P＜0．001）和N1－P1幅度显著降低（P＜0．001，P＜0．001）。而ON1／2I＋BF组与N组比较，两者PVEP的P1潜时和N1－P1幅度差异虽然具有显著性（P＜0．05），但与ON损伤后1个月时同组动物的PVPEP测试结果比较，已开始出现恢复型曲线图谱，两者的差异亦有显著性（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。在ON1／2损伤后8个月后，ON1／2I组和ON1／2I＋PS组的PVEP的P1潜时仍然显著延迟，N1－P1幅度仍然显著降低，未见明显的恢复型曲线图出现。而ON1／2I＋BF组PVEP的P1潜时和N1－P1幅度与ON损伤后4个月时的PVEP测试结果比较，差异却具有显著性（P＜0．01）；与ON1／2切断组和ON1／2I＋PS组比较，差异也具有显著性（P＜0．01），与N组比较，其PVEP的P1潜时未见延迟（P＞0．05），但N1－P1幅度仍低于正常对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：（1）视神经1／2损伤后可以添加条件因素辅助其再生，BDNF和CNTF对促进视神经损伤后的再生有调节局部微环境和互补促生长作用。（2）视神经1／2损伤前后，其有视觉电生理学的动态变化特征，主要表现为：在ON损伤后，PVEP的P1潜时重度延迟和N1－P1波幅值大幅度衰减，而当应用神经营养因子拮抗视神经损伤效应后的1个月、4个月和8个月时，则逐渐出现PVEP的P1潜时恢复和N1－P1波幅值的提高。这说明1／2损伤的ON在BDNF和CNTF的互补作用下，可以修复再生和恢复其视觉信息的传导功能。BDNF和CNTF对促进视神经损伤后的轴突再生有互补促生长作用。     

抗晶状体蛋白的特异性抗体免疫示踪研究

目的：了解针对晶状体组织的特异性抗体到达眼前节的途经、部位及其对晶状体生理功能的影响。方法：采用荧光标记抗体，观察被动免疫动物眼前节组织中荧光反应的变化，测定晶状体调节力和进行眼前节裂隙灯检查。结果：特异性抗体(IgG)首先到达睫状体部，而后出现在晶状体囊膜、虹膜和角膜内皮上；眼前节抗体含量峰值与裂隙灯观察的房闪、即同时出现；晶状体上皮细胞的损伤与晶状体的调节力下降则出现于转移免疫后2w。结论：针对晶状体组织抗原的特异性抗体可通过体循环先到达睫状体部，然后随房水而作用于晶状体上皮细胞。     

The effectiveness of sub-Tenon's infiltration of local anaesthesia for cataract surgery

Purpose: To determine if adequate anaesthesia and akinesia could be obtained using an inferonasal quadrant sub-Tenons anaesthesia for cataract surgery.
Methods: The sub-Tenons method of local anaesthesia was used in 50 patients undergoing extracapsular cataract extraction and lens implantation. The technique followed was that described by JD Stevens in his study of 50 patients. Posterior sub-Tenons space was approached through a conjunctival incision in the inferonasal quadrant and the anaesthetic solution delivered by an irrigating cannula. The patients were assessed for residual ocular movements just before surgery. Effectiveness of anaesthesia was assessed during surgery using a verbal pain rating score. Scoring was based on the concept of a visual analogue pain score chart.
Results: Total akinesia was obtained in 20% patients and total anaesthesia in 24% patients. The remainder of the patients had adequate akinesia and anaesthesia to proceed with and complete the surgery.
Conclusion: This method provides satisfactory anaesthesia for cataract surgery.