心理弹性(resilience)研究综述

弹性（resilience）日益为心理学界所关注，已经成为心理学的一个重要研究领域。文章追溯了弹性研究的渊源，介绍了众多研究者对于弹性的认识，回顾了弹性领域研究的进展情况，对以往的研究进行了评价，对以后的研究进行了展望。     

先兆子痫患者HLA-DQA1、-DQB1、-DPA1基因多态性

目的:探讨人类白细胞抗原HLA-DQ-A1、DQB1、DPA1基因多态性与先兆子痫发病的关系。方法:采用序列特异性引物技术(PCRSSP)对46例先兆子痫患者和105例正常孕妇及其新生儿进行HLA-DQ-DPA1等位基因分型。结果:所有标本共检出11种HLADQA1基因表型、16种HLADQB1基因表型、6种HLADPA1基因表型。先兆子痫患者HLA-DQ-B10301基因频率高于正常孕妇,差异有显著性(Pc=0.032,RR=2.43,AR=0.30),其余各基因表型频率两组比较差异均无显著性。结论:HLADQB10301基因可能是一种先兆子痫发病的易感基因。     

The role of pulmonary CO2 flow in the control of the phase i ventilatory response to exercise in humans

To gain an insight into the origin of the phase I ventilatory response to exercise (ph I) in humans, pulmonary ventilation WE) and end-tidal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide (P _ETO₂ and P _ETCO₂, respectively) were measured breath-by-breath in six male subjects during constant-intensity exercise on the cycle ergometer at 50, 100 and 150 W, with eupnoeic normocapnia (N) or hyperpnoeic hypocapnia (H) established prior to the exercise test. Cardiac output (Q₂) was also determined beat-by-beat by impedance cardiography on eight subjects during moderate exercise (50 W), and the C0₂ flow to the lungs (Q₂·C_vCO₂ where C_vCO₂ is concentration of CO₂ in mixed veneous blood) was estimated with a time resolution of one breathing cycle. In N, the initial abrupt increase of PE during ph I (V_E approximately 18 l · min^–1 above rest) was followed by a transient fall. When P _ETCO₂ started to increase (and P _ETO₂ decreased) V_E increased again (phase II ventilatory response, ph II). In H, during ph I V_E was similar to that of N. By contrast, during ph II V_E kept gradually decreasing and started to increase only when P _ETCO₂ had returned to approximately 40 mmHg (5.3 kPa). Thus, as a result of the prevailing initial conditions (N or H) a temporal shift of the time-course of V_E during ph II became apparent. No correlation was found between C0₂ flow to the lungs and V_E during ph I. These results are interpreted as suggesting that an increased C0₂ flow to the lungs does not constitute an important factor for the initial hyperventilatory response to exercise. They are rather compatible with a neural origin of ph I, and would support the neurohumoral theory of ventilatory control during exercise.     

冠状病毒的分子生物学研究进展

冠状病毒是所有RNA病毒中基因组最大的病毒，具有胃肠道、呼吸道或神经系统嗜性，常引起人普通感冒或动物胃肠道、呼吸系统疾病，而SARS-CoV则引起人的严重急性呼吸道综合征。研究冠状病毒分子生物学特征对阐明其病毒粒子的发生、感染和致病机制有重要意义。本文就冠状病毒的分子生物学特征包括冠状病毒基因组特征，编码蛋白的结构及功能等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Ventral specification and perturbed boundary formation in the mouse midbrain in the absence of Hedgehog signaling.

Although Hedgehog (HH) signaling plays a critical role in patterning the ventral midbrain, its role in early midbrain specification is not known. We examined the midbrains of sonic hedgehog (Shh) and smoothened (Smo) mutant mice where HH signaling is respectively attenuated and eliminated. We show that some ventral (Evx1+) cell fates are specified in the Shh-/- mouse in a Ptc1- and Gli1-independent manner. HH-independent ventral midbrain induction was further confirmed by the presence of a Pax7-negative ventral midbrain territory in both Shh-/- and Smo-/- mice at and before embryonic day (E) 8.5. Midbrain signaling centers are severely disrupted in the Shh-/- mutant. Interestingly, dorsal markers are up-regulated (Wnt1, Gdf7, Pax7), down-regulated (Lfng), or otherwise altered (Zic1) in the Shh-/- midbrain. Together with the increased cell death seen specifically in Shh-/- dorsal midbrains (E8.5-E9), our results suggest specific regulation of dorsal patterning by SHH, rather than a simple deregulation due to its absence.     

比较两种方法制备脱细胞小血管支架

目的:比较0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH和酶法制备脱细胞小血管支架的效果.方法:分别用含0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH处理3 d或1.0H Triton X-100 0.125%胰蛋白酶 Dnase Rnase孵育48 h,脱去犬股静脉中的细胞成分,50Co辐照消毒,血清浸泡24 h,将平滑肌细胞和内皮细胞接种到脱细胞支架中;进行H-E染色、胶原纤维和弹力纤维染色,扫描电镜观察及力学检测.结果:0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH法完全地脱去了血管细胞;细胞外基质较完整地保留下来,其形态结构与脱细胞前无明显改变;见种植细胞在支架内生长良好,连成片,支架具有良好的生物相容性;力学结果显示其弹性回复率和最大断裂强度好于酶组.结论:两种方法比较,0.5%Triton X-100 0.05%NH4OH法简便易行,成本低,脱细胞效果好,组织相容性佳,对力学性状影响小,是比较理想的制备脱细胞小血管支架的方法.     

低频超声透皮给药的研究进展与应用

低频超声可以增强包括大分子药物在内的许多药物的透皮传输,其主要机制是超声的空化作用,大多数人认为是通过改变角质层角化细胞排列结构来提高皮肤渗透能力的.低频超声透皮给药已被人们用于离体实验和动物活体实验,到目前为止,无论是小分子透皮传输还是大分子透皮传输都有很多成功的例子.但是真正通过低频超声透皮导入药物进行治疗的临床应用报道很少,需要更进一步大量的临床试验以确定其安全性与实用价值.一旦其安全性得以证实,合适的低频超声透皮仪研制成功,低频超声快速透皮必将成为一种安全、有效、可控、经济的新型给药方式.     

NMDA受体在正常大鼠颈动脉体的表达

应用免疫组织化学方法观察了离子型谷氨酸受体——NMDA受体的NR1及NR2A亚单位在正常成年雄性SD和Wistar大鼠颈动脉体的表达,并对阳性产物的表达强度进行了灰度分析及统计学处理。结果表明:正常成年SD大鼠及Wistar大鼠的颈动脉体内均存在NMDA NR1免疫反应阳性细胞,从阳性细胞的形态和分布特点判断这些阳性细胞为主细胞,两种大鼠之间无明显差异(P>0.05);而两种大鼠的颈动脉体内几乎不存在NMDA NR2A免疫反应阳性细胞。本实验的结果提示:在正常成年大鼠颈动脉体的主细胞上有NMDA受体的分布,并且该受体的二聚体构成不同于经典受体,这可能与谷氨酸在颈动脉体发挥的特殊功能有关。     

On the mechanism of olefin polymerization by titanocene/MAO catalysts: Relationships between metathesis and addition polymerization

Ethylene polymerizations and norbornene oligomerizations catalysed by Cp₂Ti¹³CH₃Cl/MAO (Cp: cyclopentadienyl; MAO: methylaluminoxane) mixtures have been carried out at different temperatures (from -20°C to 20°C), in order to test the validity of carbene mechanisms in α-olefin polymerizations. Depending on the temperature, different ratios of the cationic species [Cp₂Ti¹³CH₃]⁺[Cl · MAO]^? and precursors of the alkylidene Cp₂Ti = ¹³CH₂ exist. The in situ polymerization of ¹³C enriched ethylene was monitored by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, catalytic activity was determined and polyethylene samples were analyzed by ¹³C NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The following evidence has been provided against the carbene mechanism in the α-olefin polymerization with titanocene based catalysts: (a) in the in situ ethylene polymerization experiments the appearance of polyethylene signals is concurrent with the decrease of cationic [Cp₂Ti¹³CH₃]⁺[Cl · MAO]^? signals and is not related to the intensity of the alkylidene Cp₂Ti = ¹³CH₂ signals; (b) from the ¹³C NMR analysis of polyethylene chain-end groups the ¹³C enrichment of Cp₂Ti¹³CH₃Cl has only been found in the methyl chain-end group and not in the methylene of the propyl chain-end group, as should have been the case if the carbene mechanism had been valid; (c) from norbornene oligomerization (at 0°C) the addition product 2-¹³C enriched methyl-norbornane has been identified. Moreover, the identification of a ¹³C enriched methylidene-norbornane dimer at higher temperatures has revealed the possibility of norbornene addition to titanium carbenes through the formation of titanacyclobutane without the opening of the norbornene ring. However, this process requires higher energies with respect to the Cossee type insertion.     

斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析

目的　克隆斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段 ,并对其进行测序和序列分析。方法　利用简并引物 ,进行RT PCR ,扩增斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段。TA克隆装入pUCm T载体 ,进行鉴定、测序 ;利用DNASIS程序推导其所编码的氨基酸序列 ,并与相关虫种半胱氨酸蛋白酶进行氨基酸序列的同源性分析。结果　RT PCR扩增出了一约5 0 0bp的cDNA片段 ,对阳性克隆测序后获得其核酸序列 ,长 4 95bp。将推导的氨基酸序列作同源性分析显示 ,该序列与相关虫种半胱氨酸蛋白酶存在着较高的同源性 ,组成半胱氨酸催化三联体的半胱氨酸、组胺酸和天冬酰胺残基高度保守。结论　克隆获得了斯氏肺吸虫成虫半胱氨酸蛋白酶cDNA片段 ,该片段包含了与半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性和空间结构相关的重要基因位点。