Percutaneous renal mass biopsy: historical perspective,current status,and future considerations

Introduction: Percutaneous renal mass biopsy has evolved over the last decade with improvements on previous pitfalls including low tissue yield, high non-diagnostic rates, and complications. As understanding of tumor biology and natural history of renal cortical neoplasms has improved, percutaneous renal mass biopsy is poised to have an expanding role in an area characterized by individualized management and refined risk stratification.

Areas covered: This review summarizes the evolution of renal mass biopsy to its current state with respect to outcomes, indications, and clinical guidelines.

Expert opinion: With improved understanding of differential biological potential of renal cortical neoplasms combined with technical improvements in diagnostic yield and accuracy, utilization of renal mass biopsy is becoming an important adjunct to patient care in a broad range of clinical scenarios, including active surveillance, thermal ablation, and use of primary systemic therapy in localized and advanced settings.     

Effects of the Clearing the Lung and Dissipating Phlegm Method in the Treatment of Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and to provide evidence for the treatment of the disease. Materials and Methods: Literature was searched from the United States National Library of Medicine(PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database(Wanfang), and the Full?Text Database of Chinese Scientific and Technical Periodicals(VIP).A comprehensive collection was made of randomized controlled trials(RCTs) before June 2018, in which the treatment groups used either the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm formulas only or combined it with routine Western medicine therapy, and the control group adopted routine Western medicine therapy only for the acute exacerbation of COPD. The Cochrane risk of bias method was used to evaluate the quality of the literature. The data were analyzed and retrieved independently by two reviewers before meta?analysis was carried out with RevMan 5.3 software to evaluate the primary outcome measures, including the total clinical effective rate, and the secondary outcome measures such as the pulmonary function(forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in the 1 s [FEV1], percentage of FEV1 [FEV1%], and FEV1/FVC)and blood gases(PaO_2 and PaCo_2). Results: A total of 13 RCTs involving 990 patients(496 in the treatment group and 494 in the control group)were included in this study. Meta?analysis revealed significant difference in the efficacy of the group that adopted solely the routine Western medicine method and the group that combined the Western medicine with the clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method. Outcome measures including the pulmonary function(FVC, FEV1, FEV1%, and FEV1/FVC) and the blood gases(PaO_2 and PaCo_2) were significantly improved as compared to the control group(P 0.00001). However, adverse effects in the treatment group using combined traditional Chinese medicine were not reported due to the short observation time of the study. Conclusion: The clearing the lung and dissipating phlegm method can improve the efficacy in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD, the outcome measures of the pulmonary function and the blood gases,as well as the life quality of the patients. However, due to the fact that the existing studies are generally of poor quality in which randomization and its implementation were not properly carried out, more high?quality RCTs are necessary to confirm the findings of this study.     

Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents acetaminophen-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis via Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway

Inappropriate use of acetaminophen (APAP) can lead to morbidity and mortality secondary to hepatic necrosis. Ginsenoside Rg1 is a major active ingredient in processed Panax ginseng, which is proved to elicit biological effects. We hypothesized the beneficial effect of Rg1 on APAP-mediated hepatotoxicity was through Nrf2/ARE pathway. The study was conducted in cells and mice, comparing the actions of Rg1. Rg1 significantly improved cell survival rates and promoted the expression of antioxidant proteins. Meanwhile, Rg1 reduced the excessive ROS and the occurrence of cell apoptosis, which were related to Nrf2/ARE pathway. Expression of Nrf2 has a certain cell specificity.

     

The behaviour change techniques used by Australian physiotherapists to promote non-treatment physical activity to patients with musculoskeletal conditions

Objectives

To determine: (i) the behaviour change techniques used by a sample of Australian physiotherapists to promote non-treatment physical activity; and (ii) whether those behaviour change techniques are different to the techniques used to encourage adherence to rehabilitation exercises.

Correction to: Influence of oral anticoagulation on success rates and risk of bleeding events after iStent inject implantation combined with phacoemulsification

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology - The published online version contains mistake as the author's first name and last name have been interchanged as "Hild...     

人工弓状线切开技术在弓状线变异腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术中的应用：附视频

目的探讨人工弓状线切开技术在变异弓状线病例腹腔镜全腹膜外腹股沟疝修补术（TEP）应用的可靠性、安全性和有效性。 方法回顾性分析2016年7月至2019年8月广东医科大学茶山医院施行TEP的60例弓状线变异患者资料，在脐与耻骨联合连线中点人为切开腹直肌后鞘及其后面的腹横筋膜创建一条人工弓状线，并对其后面的腹膜前间隙进分离。影像记录弓状线的形态和手术步骤。 结果低位弓状线50例（83.3%），位于脐下8~12 cm，表现为不完整的腹直肌后鞘，向下呈逐渐变薄、变少的散在纤维。无弓状线10例（16.7%），有完整的腹直肌后鞘并一直延伸至耻骨。以人工弓状线为界分为两个层面，前面的是腹直肌后间隙，后面是腹膜前间隙，位于腹横筋膜（含有后鞘）与腹膜前筋膜浅层之间，是TEP理想的分离层面，沿此间隙向下分离与Retzius间隙相连，然后向外分离Bogros间隙。本组平均手术时间（130±15）min，术中腹膜损伤率8.3%（5/60）。术后发生血肿3例，血清肿2例，皮下气肿3例，无慢性疼痛病例。术后平均随访25个月，无复发病例。 结论人工弓状线切开技术在低位和无弓状线患者的TEP手术中安全有效、简单可靠，值得推广。     

中国九市四至七岁儿童乳恒牙替换及其与体格生长的相关性分析

目的探讨中国9个城市(简称九市)4~7岁儿童乳恒牙替换及其与体格生长的关系,分析恒牙发育长期变化趋势。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法,以4~7岁儿童为调查对象,于2015年6—10月在北京、哈尔滨、西安(北片),上海、南京、武汉(中片),广州、福州、昆明(南片)九市进行横断面调查,共37973名儿童,其中男19035名,女18938名。6岁以下每6个月为1组,6~<7岁1岁为1组。现场检查乳牙脱落、恒牙萌出情况,测量身高、体重等,并依据2009年中国儿童生长标准计算体格指标Z分值。采用Probit概率单位回归方法计算换牙年龄。不同性别、地区、年龄分组组间比较采用χ2检验或t检验。并利用1995年中国九市儿童体格发育调查中乳恒牙替换相关数据,分析恒牙发育的长期变化趋势。结果九市37973名儿童随着年龄增长换牙率逐渐增加,从4.0~<4.5岁的0.6%(42/7568)增长至5.5~<6.0岁的30.3%(2295/7583),6.0~<7.0岁达到74.5%(5680/7627)。除4.0~4.5岁组外,无论城郊男童换牙率均低于女童(P均<0.05);城区换牙率(男5.5~<6.0岁、女4.5~<5.0岁组之后)略高于郊区,如6.0~<7.0岁组男童城郊分别为74.2%(1427/1924)、69.2%(1305/1885)(χ2=11.446,P<0.01)。九市儿童换牙年龄为6.00(95%CI:5.98~6.01)岁。换牙年龄的第3~97百分位变化范围为4.88~7.11岁。女童中位换牙年龄(5.94岁)早于男童(6.06岁);城区(5.94岁)早于郊区(6.05岁);北片(5.97岁)、中片地区(5.97岁)略早于南片地区(6.05岁)。已换牙儿童体重、身高、体质指数Z分值均高于未换牙儿童(0.35±1.17比0.03±1.13、0.32±1.00比0.03±1.02、0.23±1.16比0.04±1.13,t=20.81、21.67、12.09,P均<0.05)。与1995年相比,2015年5.0岁以后儿童换牙率明显提高,如城区男童6.0~<7.0岁组1995年为63.8%(1146/1796),2015年提高至74.2%(1427/1924)(χ2=46.748,P<0.01);中位换牙年龄2015年较1995年提前0.24岁。结论九市4~7岁儿童换牙年龄女童早于男童,城区早于郊区,北、中片早于南片地区。换牙早晚与体格生长水平有关。近20年换牙年龄存在小幅提前趋势。     

Retrograde inspection vs standard forward view for the detection of colorectal adenomas during colonoscopy: A back-to-back randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND The adenoma detection rate(ADR) is inversely associated with the incidence of interval colorectal cancer and serves as a benchmark quality criterion during screening colonoscopy. However, adenoma miss rates reach up to 26% and studies have shown that a second inspection of the right colon in retroflected view(RFV) can increase ADR.AIM To assess whether inspection of the whole colon in RFV compared to standard forward view(SFV) can increase ADR.METHODS Patients presenting for screening or surveillance colonoscopy were invited to participate in this randomized controlled trial and randomized into two arms. In RFV arm colonoscopy was initially performed with SFV, followed by a second inspection of the whole colon in RFV. In the SFV arm first withdrawal was performed with SFV, followed by a second inspection of the whole colon again with SFV. Number, size and morphology of polyps found during first and second inspection in each colonic segment were recorded and all polyps were removed and sent for histopathology in separate containers.RESULTS Two hundred and five patients were randomly assigned to the RFV(n = 101) and SFV(n = 104) arm. In the RFV arm, both polyp detection rate(PDR) and ADR were increased under second inspection in RFV(PDR 1~(st) SFV: 39.8%, PDR 2~(nd)RFV: 46.6%; ADR 1~(st) SFV: 35.2%, ADR 2~(nd) RFV: 42%). Likewise, in the SFV arm,PDR and ADR were increased under second inspection(PDR 1~(st) SFV: 37.5%, PDR 2~(nd) SFV: 46.6%; ADR 1~(st) SFV: 34.1%, ADR 2~(nd)SFV: 44.3%) with no significant differences in ADR and PDR between the SFV and RFV arm. Mean number of adenomas per patient(APP) was increased in the RFV and SFV(APP RFV arm: 1~(st) SFV: 1.71; 2~(nd) RFV: 2.38; APP SFV arm: 1~(st) SFV: 1.83, 2~(nd)SFV:2.2). The majority of adenomas additionally found during second inspection in RFV or in SFV were located in the transverse and left-sided colon and were 5 mm in size.CONCLUSION Second inspection of the whole colon leads to increased adenoma detection with no differences between SFV and RFV. Hence, increased detection is most likely a feature of the second inspection itself but not of the inspection mode.