经典名方药物考证关键问题分析与要点建议

笔者对已报道的经典名方药物考证相关研究进行系统梳理与分析，总结当前研究存在的问题与不足，提出经典名方药物考证要点建议，为经典名方药物考证相关研究提供借鉴。该文分别从注意古今药物考证内涵的异同、注重多维信息的综合利用、注重药物不同关键环节历史流变的梳理与考证、注重近代学名考订沿革梳理、注重尊古不泥古的考证原则、注重文献学基础知识等角度进行探讨，提出经典名方药物考证应对本草考证的现状、问题、成果进行深入的总结分析，吸收前人的优点，补充以往考证的不足，并在此基础上根据经典名方药物考证自身特点，形成特有的研究体系，注重历史变迁的脉络梳理，注重横断面分析，在全面分析基原、道地产区、药用部位与炮制等不同关键环节历史变迁基础上，充分吸收近现代研究成果，并结合当前生产力和认知水平，给出不同时期经典名方药物的合理关键信息，为经典名方的开发奠定坚实基础。     

Demonstration of a lexical access deficit in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive forms of multiple sclerosis

The commonly used test to evaluate naming ability in multiple sclerosis (MS) is the Boston Naming Test (BNT). In previous studies the BNP has not shown any specific deficit in MS patients. The BNT score is obtained by adding spontaneously correct answers to correct answers obtained after semantic and phonological clues are given. Our hypothesis was that due to a lexical access deficit based on executive dysfunction, MS patients would need more clues than control subjects to normalize their performances,. Fifteen relapsing-remitting (RR) and 17 secondary progressive (SP) MS patients, and 32 controls matched for sex, age, and educational level, took the BNT. The 32 MS patients also took the BCCog (Short French battery used in MS to evaluate cognitive functions) in order to evaluate their executive functions. MS patients needed significantly more clues than matched controls to normalize their performances (P < 0.001). This lexical access deficit was more frequent in the SP than in the RR group (P < 0.05). A lexical access deficit inducing a denomination problem has thus been shown in MS patients. Further research should aim to better evaluate the executive functions of patients with a lexical access deficit.     

金银花配方颗粒评价性抽验结果分析与建议

目的：通过开展金银花配方颗粒评价性抽验,比较分析不同厂家金银花配方颗粒的质量情况,并提出监管建议。方法：收集各企业金银花配方颗粒质量标准,依据企业标准进行法定检验。结果：共抽验117批金银花配方颗粒,涉及9家生产企业。按各自企业标准进行检验,总体合格率为100%。但是各企业之间金银花配方颗粒含量差异较大且每克颗粒相当的药材（饮片）量不同,转移率不同。结论：通过本次抽验发现金银花配方颗粒的整体质量较高,但是不同厂家之间所用原料药材及生产工艺存在一定差异,导致最终产品质量参差不齐。因此,有必要规范中药配方颗粒生产工艺,尽快统一标准,加强监管。     

各国生物类似药法规体系框架对比研究及完善我国生物类似药法规体系框架的建议

对美欧日韩等国家及我国生物类似药法规体系框架包括职能体系、注册分类及程序进行了对比研究,提炼关键要素;针对我国现状、设计问卷、开展调研及专家研讨;结合对比研究、调研和研讨,提出建立完善我国生物类似药法规体系的总体建议,以及完善生物类似药定义、生物类似药注册审评程序的建议及建议的考量。     

How Frequently are Words used on Naming Tests used in Spoken Conversation?

Naming, or word-finding ability, is typically assessed using measures that require a patient to name a pictured object. Words used less frequently tend to be more difficult to find when speaking; thus word frequency can be used as a measure of item difficulty on such tests. However, frequency data for words on naming measures has either not been used in the creation of these tests or has been derived from data on how frequently words have been used in written materials. The present study determined how frequently words on the Boston Naming Test (BNT), the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) naming subtest, the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) naming subtest, and auditory naming measures developed by Hamberger and Seidel (2003, Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 479) and Brandt et al. (2010, The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24, 1326) are used in spoken language. Items on the auditory naming measures had the highest mean frequency, and the BNT items 30–60 had the lowest mean frequency. Furthermore, item frequency on the full BNT, NAB naming forms 1 and 2, and RBANS forms A correlated with item number, indicating items increase in difficulty on these tests, with trends in the same direction found for RBANS form B and Hamberger and Seidel’s auditory naming measure. Finally, differences in mean word frequency between tests underscore how interpretation of change in naming ability based on different measures should be made with caution.     

The diagnostic accuracy of an incidental memory modification of the Boston Naming Test (memo-BNT) in differentiating between normal aging and mild Alzheimer's disease

Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with deficits in episodic memory. Semantic memory and naming have also been found to be affected, although to a lesser degree than episodic memory. Most episodic memory tests used in clinical settings assess intentional memory. The aim of the present paper was to present an incidental memory modification of the Boston Naming Test (memo-BNT) and to study the diagnostic accuracy of the BNT and the memo-BNT in differentiating between healthy old controls and AD patients. There were three groups in the study: 22 young controls (mean age 21.7), 23 normally aged old controls (mean age 70.6), and 23 patients with mild AD (mean age 74.0). There were no differences in the memo-BNT test scores between the old and young control participants. There were, however, significant differences between the AD patients and both control groups in several of the memo-BNT measures. Incidental free recall was the best measure in discriminating between the healthy aged controls and the AD patients (AUC?=?.939) and it had a better diagnostic accuracy than naming (AUC?=?880). The results indicate that the memo-BNT could be used in clinical settings especially to differentiate between normal aging and mild AD.     

Connectionist diagnosis of lexical disorders in aphasia

Background: In the cognitive neurolinguistic approach to lexical deficits in aphasia, impaired levels of processing are localised in a cognitive model. Model-oriented treatment may target these impaired components. Thus a precise assessment of the disorder is crucial. Connectionist models add to this by using computer simulation to specify the details of the functioning of these components. The connectionist semantic-phonological model of lexical access (Dell, Martin, & Schwartz, 2007 Dell, G. S., Martin, N. and Schwartz, M. F. 2007. A case-series test of the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Predicting word repetition from picture naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 56: 490–520. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; Schwartz, Dell, Martin, Gahl, & Sobel, 2006 Schwartz, M. F., Dell, G. S., Martin, N., Gahl, S. and Sobel, P. 2006. A case-series test of the interactive two-step model of lexical access: Evidence from picture naming. Journal of Memory and Language, 54: 223–264.  [Google Scholar]) explores the impairment by simulating error patterns in naming and repetition.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the model's range of application as a diagnostic tool, and to derive recommendations for the model's use in clinical settings.

Methods & Procedures: We demonstrate how we adapted the error analysis to 15 German-speaking patients with aphasia, analysed the model's accuracy in assessing naming and repetition disorders, and explained deviations between the error pattern produced by each patient and the one produced by the model's simulation by appealing to an extended version of the model.

Outcomes & Results: Overall, the model yielded good fits of the patients' error patterns. Larger model–patient deviations could be explained by the model's limited set of lesionable components.

Conclusions: The “connectionist diagnosis” of naming and repetition disorders in the semantic-phonological model is a reasonable tool in model-oriented assessment. However, the diagnosis needs to be complemented by further language tests.     

Review article MURDOCH,B.E. (ed.), 1998, Dysarthria: A Physiological Approach to Assessment and Treatment (Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes,Ltd).[Pp. 431+xii.] ISBN 0-7487-3311-6

The naming and drawing responses of a child with specific language impairment (age 5.5 years) were used to test the hypothesis that deficient storage in the mental lexicon plays a role in the naming problems associated with SLI. In confrontation- and repeated naming, the child demonstrated frequent semantic substitutions and occasional phonologic substitutions. Stochastic modelling of his repeated naming revealed storage deficits to be a source of these errors. Comparative picture naming, picture drawing allowed exploration of this storage deficit and revealed that, for some semantic naming errors, sparse semantic representations were clearly at fault but for others, sparse phonological input and output representations played a role. Phonological naming errors, in contrast, were typically associated with strong semantic representations. Clinical, theoretical, and methodological contributions of this cognitive neuropsychological case study are discussed.     

工伤医疗保险管理现状及建议

本文从政府、医保经办机构、医疗机构三个层面,论述工伤医疗保险管理现状和存在的问题,并就促进我国工伤医保工作的健康良性运行提出改进建议。