纤维素酶对玉米秸青贮营养成分及其奶牛瘤胃降解率的影响

本研究探讨了添加纤维素酶制剂对玉米秸青贮营养成分含量变化及其瘤胃内降解率的影响。以去穗玉米秸为试验材料,分别以0.00 g/1kg(C)、0.05g/1kg(Ⅰ)、0.2g/1kg(Ⅱ)、1g/1kg(Ⅲ)进行添加纤维素酶,贮藏4周后进行常规营养成分含量变化分析和饲养试验。用4头装有永久性瘘管荷斯坦乳牛,按4×4拉丁方设计进行瘤胃内降解率的试验。结果为:Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组玉米秸青贮DM含量差异不显著,但均显著低于C组;不同处理组的玉米秸青贮CP含量随纤维素添加量增加而显著提高,以1g/1kg纤维素酶添加处理的提高幅度最大;NDF和ADF含量均随着纤维素添加量增加而显著下降,其中1g/1kg纤维素酶添加处理的下降幅度最大。Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组玉米秸青贮的DM和CP奶牛瘤胃有效降解率均显著高于C组,并且Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组;不同处理组的玉米秸青贮NDF有效降解率之间差异显著,Ⅲ组>Ⅱ组>Ⅰ组>C组;玉米秸青贮ADF有效降解率Ⅲ组、Ⅱ组和Ⅰ组之间无显著差异,但均显著高于C组。表明纤维素酶处理能提高青贮营养价值,且纤维素酶以1g/1kg添加量为宜。     

“气功反馈”及其机理初探

我们在分别观察气功疗法和生物反馈疗法的基础上,提出了气功反馈的概念,研制了系列气功反馈磁带,已应用于临床获得了较为满意的效果,其机制正在探讨,初步认为与大脑皮层主宰下的植物性神经整合作用有关。 1 气功反馈概念的提出近20年来西方兴起的生物反馈(biofeed-back) 是从1969年美国布朗德理和加拿大格门士治疗瘫痪肢体的生物回授法开始的,它是借助灵敏的电子仪器和微机系统,把一般不能感知的生理信息(肌电、血压及皮温等)转变成能感知的物理信息(声、光、磁     

高原鼠兔人工饲育初探

目的 为在东北地区开发饲育高原鼠兔提供基础资料。方法 在室内人工饲育条件下,对高原鼠兔的外观、习性及食性等方面进行观察与研究。结果 高原鼠兔具有体型小、性情温顺、繁殖力强及饲料简单等特点,对低质饲料的利用率和对植物纤维的需求较高,超过家兔,更易饲养,结论 高原鼠兔在东北地区室内饲养是可以适应的。将高原鼠兔作为实验动物,有利于节省饲养空间和经费。     

东北大学10年间消化性溃疡的临床流行病学特点——附124例胃镜结果分析

目的了解本校溃疡发病特点。方法对东北大学医院1993~2002年10年间经胃镜检查诊断为消化性溃疡的病例进行了统计分析。结果共检出124例溃疡,其中十二指肠球部溃疡93例,胃溃疡26例,复合性溃疡5例;溃疡患者男女之比为3·771;溃疡患者平均年龄45·29岁,十二指肠球部溃疡以30岁以下居多,胃溃疡以50岁以上居多,复合性溃疡以30岁左右居多。结论病变好发部位以十二脂肠球部溃疡最多见,胃溃疡次之,复合性溃疡最少;溃疡发病男性明显高于女性,与不良嗜好、精神因素有关。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料中8种抗氧化剂

目的研究饲料中没食子酸丙酯(PG)、特丁基对苯二酚(TBHQ)、乙氧基喹(EQ)、丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)、没食子酸辛酯(OG)、二丁基羟基甲苯(BHT)、没食子酸十二酯(DG)和正二氢愈创酸(NDGA)共8种抗氧化剂同时检测系统技术。方法样品提取后采用自动固相萃取方式；定量分析采用高效液相色谱-梯度淋洗-二极管阵列检测器方法进行检测。结果最低检测限为10 mg/kg；饲料中8种抗氧化荆含量在10 mg/kg时实验精密度为1．60％-10．46％；添加抗氧化剂的回收率在84％～106％；。结论该方法具有高效率,高灵敏度,准确度好,可靠性高等技术特点。     

Developing an Improved Home-Level Technology for the Production of a Protein-Enriched Nigerian Local Snack,Tofu Pie

Abstract

Maize flours and dough were variously prepared from whole, decorticated, and alkaline-cooked maize grains. Other flour types include soycorn milk residue and wheat flours. All the flour types were made into base for pie-type preparations. Tofu (soybean curd) cubes were mixed with local pepper and onion condiments, fried, and were used for pie filling. The various pie types namely WFTP, DMFTP, WMFTP, WMADTP, DMADTP, SRFTP and MPI-MPVI (MPs) represent pie types made from base using wheat, decorticated, whole maize flours, wet and dry masa doughs, soycorn residue flour, and market pies 1 to VI, respectively. MP1 was used as control for sensory evaluation. The protein content of the maize-based pies ranged from 19.54 to 34.13% and was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the range of protein content 11.67–15.53% for the MPs. Except for WMFTP, all other experimental pie types gave higher in vitro digestibility (IVD) percent than the MPs. The sensory evaluation scores showed that none of the experimental pies were rejected but their scores were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those for the MPs in all the parameters measured. Pie types WFTP, DMFTP, and WMFTP were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other experimental pies in all the sensory attributes measured. The consumption of tofu pies developed in this study, using the improved home-level technology described, will help to reduce malnutrition consequent to the high protein content and nutritional attributes of the improved local snack. doi:10.1300/J385v05n02_07     

Microalgae: a novel ingredient in nutrition

Microalgae are known for centuries, but their commercial large-scale production started a few decades ago. They can be grown in open-culture systems such as lakes or highly controlled close-culture systems, have higher productivity than the traditional crops and can be grown in climatic conditions and regions where other crops cannot be grown, such as desert and coastal areas. The edible microalgae are the green algae (chlorophyta) and the cyanobacteria. Microalgae contain substances of high biological value, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. They are promising sources for novel products and applications and they can be used in the diet of humans and animals as natural foods with health benefits. Moreover, they can find use in the protection of the environment, as well as in pharmaceuticals, biofuel production and cosmetics.     

Bacillus spp. as direct-fed microbial antibiotic alternatives to enhance growth,immunity, and gut health in poultry

The increasing occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria combined with regulatory pressure and consumer demands for foods produced without antibiotics has caused the agricultural industry to restrict its practice of using antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in food animals. The poultry industry is not immune to this trend, and has been actively seeking natural alternatives to AGP that will improve the health and growth performance of commercial poultry flocks. Bacillus probiotics have been gaining in popularity in recent years as an AGP alternative because of their health-promoting benefits and ability to survive the harsh manufacturing conditions of chicken feed production. This review provides an overview of several modes of action of some Bacillus direct-fed microbials as probiotics. Among the benefits of these direct-fed microbials are their production of naturally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, gut flora modulation to promote beneficial microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract, and various immunological and gut morphological alterations. The modes of action for increased performance are not well defined, and growth promotion is not equal across all Bacillus species or within strains. Appropriate screening and characterization of Bacillus isolates prior to commercialization are necessary to maximize poultry growth to meet the ultimate goal of eliminating AGP usage in animal husbandry.     

Taxonomic Characterization and Secondary Metabolite Profiling of Aspergillus Section Aspergillus Contaminating Feeds and Feedstuffs

Xerophilic fungal species of the genus Aspergillus are economically highly relevant due to their ability to grow on low water activity substrates causing spoilage of stored goods and animal feeds. These fungi can synthesize a variety of secondary metabolites, many of which show animal toxicity, creating a health risk for food production animals and to humans as final consumers, respectively. Animal feeds used for rabbit, chinchilla and rainbow trout production in Argentina were analysed for the presence of xerophilic Aspergillus section Aspergillus species. High isolation frequencies (>60%) were detected in all the studied rabbit and chinchilla feeds, while the rainbow trout feeds showed lower fungal charge (25%). These section Aspergillus contaminations comprised predominantly five taxa. Twenty isolates were subjected to taxonomic characterization using both ascospore SEM micromorphology and two independent DNA loci sequencing. The secondary metabolite profiles of the isolates were determined qualitatively by HPLC-MS. All the isolates produced neoechinulin A, 17 isolates were positive for cladosporin and echinulin, and 18 were positive for neoechinulin B. Physcion and preechinulin were detected in a minor proportion of the isolates. This is the first report describing the detailed species composition and the secondary metabolite profiles of Aspergillus section Aspergillus contaminating animal feeds.     

Mycotoxin Removal by Lactobacillus spp. and Their Application in Animal Liquid Feed

The removal of mycotoxins from contaminated feed using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been proposed as an inexpensive, safe, and promising mycotoxin decontamination strategy. In this study, viable and heat-inactivated L. acidophilus CIP 76.13T and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIP 101027T cells were investigated for their ability to remove aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) from MRS medium and PBS buffer over a 24 h period at 37 °C. LAB decontamination activity was also assessed in a ZEA-contaminated liquid feed (LF). Residual mycotoxin concentrations were determined by UHPLC-FLD/DAD analysis. In PBS, viable L. acidophilus CIP 76.13T and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIP 101027T cells removed up to 57% and 30% of ZEA and DON, respectively, while AFB₁ and OTA reductions were lower than 15%. In MRS, 28% and 33% of ZEA and AFB₁ were removed, respectively; OTA and DON reductions were small (≤15%). Regardless of the medium, heat-inactivated cells produced significantly lower mycotoxin reductions than those obtained with viable cells. An adsorption mechanism was suggested to explain the reductions in AFB₁ and OTA, while biodegradation could be responsible for the removal of ZEA and DON. Both viable LAB strains reduced ZEA by 23% in contaminated LF after 48 h of incubation. These findings suggest that LAB strains of L. acidophilus CIP 76.13T and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CIP 101027T may be applied in the feed industry to reduce mycotoxin contamination.