多学科协作诊疗助力直肠癌手术质量提升

目的探讨多学科协作诊疗在直肠癌手术中的开展成效。方法将进入多学科协作的患者和未进入多学科协作的患者分别设为观察组和对照组,通过多项指标量化分析直肠癌多学科协作开展成效。结果观察组的术后住院时长短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;术后首次下床时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;手术总费用、检查费、床位费少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组低位直肠癌手术有效保肛率高于对照组;在术后早期并发症中,观察组病例数少于对照组;在Ⅲ期直肠癌患者术后无进展生存时间上,观察组要高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。观察组在生存量表总分、生理领域、心理领域得分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论多学科协作在直肠癌诊疗中效果明显,能够确保直肠癌患者手术安全,缩短术后住院时长,降低手术费用,并减少术后并发症发生率,提升低位直肠癌有效保肛率,延长Ⅲ期直肠癌患者术后无进展生存时间,改善患者生存质量。     

肾移植术后Ⅰ型原发性高草酸尿症复发致移植肾功能不全的多学科综合诊疗

目的探讨肾移植术后Ⅰ型原发性高草酸尿症(PH)复发的临床特点和多学科综合诊疗(MDT)的经验。方法对1例接受同种异体肾移植手术后不明原因移植肾功能短期内迅速下降的病例进行MDT讨论,总结MDT在诊断罕见遗传性疾病以及提高肾移植受者长期存活中的作用。结果经MDT讨论,患者确诊为Ⅰ型PH复发,排除排斥反应后恢复常规免疫抑制方案,嘱大量饮水,予优质蛋白和低磷饮食、维生素B6、钙剂等保守治疗措施并积极防治并发症。患者移植肾功能恶化延缓,但仍在肾移植术后5个月恢复规律血液透析至投稿日。结论肾移植术后Ⅰ型PH复发较为罕见,临床主要表现为复发性肾结石,移植肾功能下降,且并发症多,患者预后不良。通过MDT讨论患者病情,明确诊断,确定最佳治疗方案,延缓了病情进展,改善了患者预后。     

孤立性膀胱浆细胞瘤的病例分析及文献复习

目的探讨孤立性膀胱浆细胞瘤的临床表现、诊断与治疗。方法回顾分析我院于20l9年5月10日收治的1例膀胱浆细胞瘤患者的临床病理特征资料、诊疗过程、随访情况,总结现有文献讨论并总结本病诊治心得。结果51岁女性,因尿急尿痛入院。术前CT增强考虑肿瘤性病变,未除外膀胱癌,行膀胱镜检查+经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术。术后病理提示为黏膜固有层内见大小一致的肿瘤细胞弥漫浸润,核偏位,呈浆细胞样,核分裂象罕见,高度疑为浆细胞瘤。免疫组化染色:Ki67(2%+),CD38(+),CD138(+),Kappa(+),Lambda(–)。术后予行进一步放疗(50Gy/25F),7个月后复查未见肿瘤复发及转移。结论膀胱浆细胞瘤临床上极其罕见,无特征性临床表现,治疗推荐选用根治性放疗联合手术切除;另外,血液科、放疗科和外科医师间的紧密协作对于制定合适的治疗方案至关重要。     

老年胆总管结石合并2型糖尿病患者多学科协作模式下行腹腔镜胆总管探查术的疗效分析

目的探讨老年胆总管结石合并2型糖尿病患者在多学科协作模式(MDT)下行腹腔镜胆总管探查术的安全性及临床效果。方法选取2014年12月~2016年12月期间在我科行腹腔镜下胆囊切除+胆总管探查取石术的患者98例,其中年龄大于60岁合并2型糖尿病患者46例为实验组,年龄小于60岁且未合并糖尿病的患者52例为对照组。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及并发症发生率。结果 98例患者均治愈出院,无死亡病例。实验组住院时间大于对照组(P0.05),两组在手术时间、术中出血量及并发症方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论老年胆总管结石合并2型糖尿病的患者在多学科协作模式下控制好血糖及相关基础疾病,行腹腔镜下胆总管探查取石术效果良好,可以达到与年龄小于60岁且未合并糖尿病的患者一样的治疗效果,是安全、有效且微创的一种手术方式。     

联合化疗中麻风反应的临床特征及糖皮质激素治疗的效果分析

目的了解麻风联合化疗时麻风反应的发生情况,评价糖皮质激素对麻风反应的治疗效果。方法对本市1986-2005年采用联合化疗方案治疗后达到临床治愈的新发及复发麻风病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 63例进行联合化疗的麻风患者,有37例曾经发生72例次麻风反应,23例发生Ⅰ型麻风反应34例次,15例发生Ⅱ型麻风反应31例次,7例发生混合型麻风反应7例次;且73.53%麻风反应发生在联合化疗1年内,Ⅱ型麻风反应均出现在联合化疗1年后,但是混合型麻风反应出现时间不一。麻风反应以皮肤和周围神经症状为主要表现,其中Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和混合型麻风反应发生时有皮肤症状者分别占64.71%,100%和100%,有神经受累者分别占100%,61.29%和42.86%。治愈24例次,显效19例次,好转21例次,无效0例次,恶化8例次,有效率为59.72%。糖皮质激素治疗后25例次(34.72%)出现胃部不适,16例次出现满月脸多血质,7例次出现骨质疏松症样疼痛,但是均未影响治疗。结论麻风联合化疗患者麻风反应高发,神经受累相对较多,激素治疗麻风反应有一定的效果,但治疗方案仍有改进的空间。     

全程管理在神经源性膀胱患者骶神经调节治疗的疗效评价

目的评价基于多学科团队协作的骶神经调节治疗神经源性膀胱患者全程管理方案的实践效果。 方法收集2018年1月至2019年12月中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院收治的36例神经源性膀胱行骶神经调节治疗患者的病例资料。将36例患者按入院时间分为对照组15例（2018年1~ 12月）和干预组21例（2019年1~12月）。对照组给予常规管理,干预组实施全程护理模式。比较两组骶神经调节二期手术转化率,两组患者一期术后3个月时膀胱功能管理效果、尿路感染发生率、患者满意度和生活质量的差异。 结果两组患者在骶神经调节二期手术转化率、平衡膀胱达标率、膀胱容量、患者满意度和生活质量的差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,干预组均高于对照组。 结论多学科团队协作的全程管理实现了骶神经调节治疗神经源性膀胱患者连续的全程化、个性化管理,协调多学科团队协作,改善了患者的临床疗效,提高了患者满意度,是一种有效的患者管理照护模式。     

胃肠外科近20年进展和发展趋势

进入21世纪已经20年了,回顾胃肠外科发展历程,疾病谱的改变对胃肠外科医师提出了更高的要求。微创技术、代谢外科、围手术期综合管理和外科质量控制、专业化和多学科团队等全新的理念和治疗模式不断出现并迅速推广,不仅推动了胃肠外科的发展,也是胃肠外科发展的趋势。     

Analysis of time taken to discuss new patients with head and neck cancer in multidisciplinary team meetings

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings have an important role in the management of head and neck cancer. Increasing incidence of the disease and a drive towards centralised meetings on large numbers of patients mean that effective discussions are pertinent. We aimed to evaluate new cases within a single high volume head and neck cancer MDT and to explore the relation between the time taken to discuss each case, the number of discussants, and type of case. A total of 105 patients with a new diagnosis of head and neck malignancy or complex benign tumour were discussed at 10 head and neck cancer MDT meetings. A single observer timed each discussion using a stopwatch, and recorded the number of discussants and the diagnosis and characteristics of each patient. Timings ranged from 15 to 480 s (8 min) with a mean of 119 s (2 min), and the duration of discussion correlated closely with the number of discussants (r_s = 0.63, p < 0.001). The longest discussions concerned patients with advanced T stage (p = 0.006) and advanced N stage (p = 0.009) disease, the elderly (p = 0.02) and male patients (p = 0.05). Tumour site and histological findings were not significant factors in the duration of discussion. Most discussions on patients with early stage tumours were short (T1: 58% less than 60 s, mean 90) and fewer people contributed. Many patients, particularly those with early stage disease, require little discussion, and their treatment might reasonably be planned according to an agreed protocol, which would leave more time and resources for those that require greater multidisciplinary input. Further studies may highlight extended discussions on patients with head and neck cancer, which may prompt a review of protocols and current evidence.     

Ammonia metabolism,the brain and fatigue; revisiting the link

This review addresses the ammonia fatigue theory in light of new evidence from exercise and disease studies and aims to provide a view of the role of ammonia during exercise. Hyperammonemia is a condition common to pathological liver disorders and intense or exhausting exercise. In pathology, hyperammonemia is linked to impairment of normal brain function and the onset of the neurological condition, hepatic encephalopathy. Elevated blood ammonia concentrations arise due to a diminished capacity for removal via the liver and lead to increased exposure of organs, such as the brain, to the toxic effects of ammonia. High levels of brain ammonia can lead to deleterious alterations in astrocyte morphology, cerebral energy metabolism and neurotransmission, which may in turn impact on the functioning of important signalling pathways within the neuron. Such changes are believed to contribute to the disturbances in neuropsychological function, in particular the learning, memory, and motor control deficits observed in animal models of liver disease and also patients with cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia in exercise occurs as a result of an increased production by contracting muscle, through adenosine monophosphate (AMP) deamination (the purine nucleotide cycle) and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) deamination prior to oxidation. Plasma concentrations of ammonia during exercise often achieve or exceed those measured in liver disease patients, resulting in increased cerebral uptake. In this article we propose that exercise-induced hyperammonemia may lead to concomitant disturbances in brain function, potentially through similar mechanisms underpinning pathology, which may impact on performance as fatigue or reduced function, especially during extreme exercise.